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• W2891163670 abstract "Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are important in a diverse range of biological processes including the regulation of antimicrobial metabolite synthesis (Kishi-Kaboshi et al., 2010), protection from salinity and genotoxic stress, hormone signaling (Ulm et al., 2002), plant immunity (Bi and Zhou, 2017) and growth and developmental control (Xu and Zhang, 2015). In recent years considerable research effort has been focused on the role of proteins acting within this cascade on grain size in rice. To this end either γ-ray irradiation or EMS approaches were adopted in japonica and indica rice varieties and small and large grain mutants were isolated, whilst in parallel natural mutants displaying small grain size were additionally isolated (Duan et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Li and Li, 2016). The highlighted paper (Xu et al., 2018) describes the characterization of large grain 8, encoding the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (OsMKP1), revealing its role in grain growth, as shown in Figure 1. The laboratory of Yunhai Li, Professor at The State Key Laboratory of Plant Chromosome Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing has been studying organ growth for the last 10 years with a particular focus on rice grain growth. The work described in this article took over 4 years for the four co-first authors. Dr Ran Xu is an Assistant Professor who has been working on the characterization of the mutants from the outset complemented in the last year by the work of graduate student Miss Haiyue Yu. The mutants large8-1 and large8-2 were isolated 4 years ago by Professor Junmin Wang (of The Institute of Crop Science and Nuclear Technology Utilization in Hangzhou) and Associate Professor Penggen Duan, respectively. These mutants were subsequently both mapped to OsMKP1 and characterization of the mutants and of transgenic line overexpressing OsMKP1 were found to have increased and reduced grain size, respectively. These studies elegantly employed two different mapping strategies as well as complementation studies, overexpression studies and finally generation of a third mutant allele using the CRISPR-Cas9 approach. Yunhai, concedes that this was the most arduous and also the most difficult step of the entire study, however, it proved crucial since their findings allowed them to identify OsMKP1 as a major regulator of rice grain size and weight, furthermore, indicating precise control of OsMAPK6 activity by reversible phosphorylation. Details as to how the enzyme achieves this were provided by a handful of experiments that were able to link the action of OsMKP1 to previously characterized roles of the mitogen-activated kinase cascade in rice (Duan et al., 2014) (Liu et al., 2015). Indeed the large grain 8 mutants were isolated from the series of genetic screens based on grain size initiated by the laboratory. Two mutants are particularly pertinent with regard to OsMKP1. First, small grain 1, which encodes the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 and exhibits elevated cell proliferation and an apparent defect in brassinosteroid response (Duan et al., 2014), displays an opposite grain phenotype. Secondly, the mutant dwarf and small grain 1, which was mapped, in a collaborative work with the laboratory of Professor Fan Chen, to the mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK6, similarly also played a pivotal role in grain size via enhancing cell proliferation as well as being defective in brassinosteroid signaling and homeostasis (Liu et al., 2015). This led Yunhai′s team to postulate that OsMKP1 is a negative regulator working upstream of these proteins. They confirmed this via a range of cell biological and biochemical approaches. First, they demonstrated that the mechanism of large grain size in the large grain 8 mutants was indeed due to increased cell proliferation. Secondly, they provided yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation data alongside that from in vitro pull-down assays to unambiguously demonstrate the interaction between OsMKP1 and OsMAPK6. Finally, in addition they demonstrated that OsMKP1, in direct contrast to OsMKK4 (Kishi-Kaboshi et al., 2010), could dephosphorylate and thereby inactivate OsMAPK6. These combined experiments thereby allowed the authors to refine their model of MAPK-mediated control of rice grain size to that presented in Figure 1. That said a number of open questions remain not least Does OsMKP1 also have targets beyond OsMAPK6? and By which mechanism does OsMKP1 influence grain number? The above questions notwithstanding, the highlighted paper not only extends the list of players in the mitogen-activated kinase cascade, which actively participate in the determination of seed size, but also provides a novel target for yield improvement that should be evaluated not only in rice but also in other cereals and more distantly related crop plants. Given the high conservation of both MAPK cascades and MKPs it will be exciting to investigate their function in other crops using emerging genome editing approaches (Pacher and Puchta, 2017). Alternatively, overexpression of MKP1 or creating a constitutively active version of MAPK6 would also represent interesting tools to help address this question, as well as helping to improve our understanding of how the plant balances the role of MAPK cascades in regulating grain growth with their myriad other functions." @default.
• W2891163670 created "2018-09-27" @default.
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• W2891163670 date "2018-09-01" @default.
• W2891163670 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2891163670 title "Extending the cascade: identification of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase playing a key role in rice yield" @default.
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• W2891163670 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13981" @default.
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