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- W2891421333 abstract "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis and inflammation. The last plays a major role in the onset and propagation of the disease. MS presents with heterogeneous lesions containing a broad range of cells and soluble mediators of the immune system such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, microglia, cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement and other toxic substances. This review outlines, analyzes and discusses the different immune mechanisms of MS that are responsible for the initiation and propagation of active lesions, demyelination, axonal injury, remyelination and cell loss as well as the role of cytokines in the disease process. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-12 and interferon-γ may cause MS through several signaling pathways. Conversely, anti-inflammatory circulating cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 are reduced and theoretically can exert a direct protective effect in this condition. Future studies are necessary to develop effective, safe and long-lasting strategies to reduce the abnormal cytokine cascades and to treat MS." @default.
- W2891421333 created "2018-09-27" @default.
- W2891421333 creator A5015598445 @default.
- W2891421333 creator A5033737778 @default.
- W2891421333 creator A5040882970 @default.
- W2891421333 creator A5049410725 @default.
- W2891421333 creator A5065712988 @default.
- W2891421333 creator A5089205502 @default.
- W2891421333 date "2018-12-01" @default.
- W2891421333 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W2891421333 title "The Properties of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: Pros and Cons" @default.
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