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• W2891489219 abstract "We have recently moved from viewing species, individuals, and their DNA as fundamental units of biological organization, to recognizing that the microbiome contributes to the macroorganism’s genome and hence its phenotype; this collective of organisms is termed the holobiont. There are complex bidirectional interactions, mediated by chemical signals, between hosts and their microbiota. Olfactory communication influences animal behavior, odors might be produced or altered by bacteria, and bacteria themselves might also affect the brain and behavior of their hosts. We develop a novel framework to understand these relationships for microbially mediated olfactory communication. We explore the potential host–microbe interaction space, reveal insights from signal–receiver theory, and develop a new process model for how microbes might produce or contribute to host olfactory cues and signals. Microbes are now known to influence inter- and intraspecific olfactory signaling systems. They do so by producing metabolites that function as odorants. A unique attribute of such odorants is that they arise as a product of microbial–host interactions. These interactions need not be mutualistic, and indeed can be antagonistic. We develop an integrated ecoevolutionary model to explore microbially mediated olfactory communication and a process model that illustrates the various ways that microbial products might contribute to odorants. This novel approach generates testable predictions, including that selection to incorporate microbial products should be a common feature of infochemicals that communicate identity but not those that communicate fitness or quality. Microbes extend an individual’s genotype, but also enhance vulnerability to environmental change. Microbes are now known to influence inter- and intraspecific olfactory signaling systems. They do so by producing metabolites that function as odorants. A unique attribute of such odorants is that they arise as a product of microbial–host interactions. These interactions need not be mutualistic, and indeed can be antagonistic. We develop an integrated ecoevolutionary model to explore microbially mediated olfactory communication and a process model that illustrates the various ways that microbial products might contribute to odorants. This novel approach generates testable predictions, including that selection to incorporate microbial products should be a common feature of infochemicals that communicate identity but not those that communicate fitness or quality. Microbes extend an individual’s genotype, but also enhance vulnerability to environmental change. all of the chemicals emitted by an organism (or a substance that an organism emits; e.g., urine, scent-marking material) that can potentially act as semiochemicals (i.e., cues or signals). Sources of chemicals in the profile include the individual organism’s metabolic products, the environment, and chemicals created by other organisms, including those transferred from conspecifics and chemicals produced by microbes. receptors for chemical compounds that can be expressed on many different surfaces of the body [1Bienenstock J. et al.Disruptive physiology: olfaction and the microbiome–gut–brain axis.Biol. Rev. 2018; 93: 390-403Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]; includes both olfactory and gustatory receptors. Most chemical cues and signals are detected by olfaction rather than gustation [2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]. a semiochemical (or mix of semiochemicals) that conveys information to another organism but did not evolve for that function [2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]. the combination of a host and its microbial symbionts, including transient and permanent members. the combined genomes of the host and its microbial symbionts. see ‘Semiochemical’. the sum total of the genes encoded by the microbiota. those species of microorganisms living on or in a host organism. the smell or scent interpreted by the brain once odorants have been detected and communicated to the brain via olfactory receptors and neurons. an odor molecule, which can be of almost any size [2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]; can bind to multiple different olfactory receptors, triggering an electrical signal in the brain. In mammals, the perception of a particular odorant comes from the stimulation of a cluster of olfactory receptors on different neurons signaling to the brain in a combinatorial manner (summarized in [1Bienenstock J. et al.Disruptive physiology: olfaction and the microbiome–gut–brain axis.Biol. Rev. 2018; 93: 390-403Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]). the process through which odorants bind to olfactory receptors and are converted into electrical signals in the brain [1Bienenstock J. et al.Disruptive physiology: olfaction and the microbiome–gut–brain axis.Biol. Rev. 2018; 93: 390-403Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar, 2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]. receptor protein expressed by sensory neurons in the brain, to detect odor chemicals (odorants) [2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]; concentrated in the olfactory epithelium at the back of the nasal cavity but can also be found throughout the body, including internally in the gut and kidneys [1Bienenstock J. et al.Disruptive physiology: olfaction and the microbiome–gut–brain axis.Biol. Rev. 2018; 93: 390-403Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]. an organism that can receive a signal from a particular signaler and/or detect and respond to a cue. also called an infochemical; a chemical involved in an interaction between organisms. Cues and signals are types of semiochemical [2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]. Evolves from a cue to alter the behavior of another organism. Signals work because receivers evolve detection structures and responses (summarized in [2Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. Cambridge University Press, 2014Google Scholar]). a mix of odorants that an animal learns to associate with an experience. These might not be the same odorants each time; they are specific to each event of associative learning. For example, a prey animal might learn to associate a signature mix with predation risk or an individual might associate a signature mix with a non-kin conspecific group." @default.
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• W2891489219 date "2018-11-01" @default.
• W2891489219 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2891489219 title "The Extended Genotype: Microbially Mediated Olfactory Communication" @default.
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• W2891489219 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.08.010" @default.
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