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• W2891717105 abstract "Semitransparent photovoltaics installed onto windows can generate power and regulate temperature in buildings and vehicles. In this issue of Joule, Lunt et al. show the potential for wide-bandgap metal halide perovskite materials in visibly transparent solar cells and Yip et al. demonstrate a new design to block infrared radiation in tinted polymer photovoltaics. Semitransparent photovoltaics installed onto windows can generate power and regulate temperature in buildings and vehicles. In this issue of Joule, Lunt et al. show the potential for wide-bandgap metal halide perovskite materials in visibly transparent solar cells and Yip et al. demonstrate a new design to block infrared radiation in tinted polymer photovoltaics. Renewable energy technology that can minimize the carbon footprint of electricity generation is seeing a period of rapid growth and expansion, primarily led by new installations of photovoltaic modules.1Breyer C. Bogdanov D. Gulagi A. Aghahosseini A. Barbosa L.S.N.S. Koskinen O. Barasa M. Caldera U. Afanasyeva S. Child M. et al.On the role of solar photovoltaics in global energy transition scenarios.Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2017; 25: 727-745Crossref Scopus (183) Google Scholar The global energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables is progressing, but with it come a great number of unique challenges.2Geels F.W. Sovacool B.K. Schwanen T. Sorrell S. The socio-technical dynamics of low-carbon transitions.Joule. 2017; 1: 463-479Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (239) Google Scholar One difficulty associated with renewable energy such as solar or wind is that they produce energy intermittently. The reliability of the electric grid requires matching of energy supply and demand—something that is increasingly difficult with intermittent electricity generation. The wind is not always blowing, nor is the sun always shining, but people will want their energy provided to meet their daily demand regardless. To illustrate this problem, Figure 1 shows the energy demand on a typical day in California (08/31/2018 chosen for reference). In many cities, electricity demand peaks after sunset, leading to a sudden rise in the net demand on non-renewables, often having to provide >10,000 MW to California cities over a few hours. This leads to unreliability and instability in the electric grid. One approach to mitigate this is to adopt sources of distributed electricity generation, such as building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).4Traverse C.J. Pandey R. Barr M.C. Lunt R.R. Emergence of highly transparent photovoltaics for distributed applications.Nat. Energy. 2017; 2: 849-860Crossref Scopus (386) Google Scholar Here, PV modules are installed directly onto rooftops of buildings (but a similar strategy could be used in electric vehicles, or even at small scale in mobile electronic devices). BIPV has the benefit of bringing the electricity supply directly to the load, alleviating reliance on the grid. Current cost-competitive PV cells are made from thick-film crystalline silicon, which is opaque and therefore must be installed onto available rooftop space. Particularly in high-rise buildings, the ratio of rooftop to façade space is very small, and the available electricity from rooftop installed PV alone may be insufficient. There is significant potential for utilization of window space for power generation. Emerging thin-film photovoltaic materials can be designed to be semi- to fully transparent and can be fabricated onto windows. The challenge with transparent photovoltaics (TPV) is that there is a tradeoff between efficiency and transparency. Depending on the application, the desired transparency ranges from highly tinted to fully transparent and glass-like. With increasing transparency, the amount of photon flux from the sun that goes unharvested increases, thereby decreasing the overall cell efficiency and increasing the cost per energy produced. Addressing this issue requires intelligent materials and device design to minimize internal losses, or introducing new functionality to increase the utility of TPV cells. In this issue of Joule, two approaches to make efficient TPV in two distinct ranges of average visible transparency (AVT) are shown. Motivated by the need for simultaneous glass-like transparency and high color rendering index (CRI), Liu et al. have developed TPVs based on wide-bandgaps lead halide perovskites.5Liu D. Yang C. Lunt R.R. Halide perovskites for selective ultraviolet-harvesting transparent photovoltaics.Joule. 2018; 2 (this issue): 1827-1837Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (58) Google Scholar By controlling the bandgap of the absorbing layer through halide composition tuning, a near-ideal bandgap for ultraviolet light harvesting of 2.83 eV is realized. Through a vacuum-assisted solution deposition and a methylamine gas post-treatment, films with reduced haze and roughness are achieved. The best-performing TPV cell exhibits 73% AVT, 93.8 CRI, and 0.52% power conversion efficiency (PCE). This approach is promising for true window-like applications of TPV. Sun et al. sought to develop a new architecture for organic semi-transparent PV that additionally blocks infrared light, therefore serving jointly as a solar-powered window and a heat insulator.6Sun C. Xia R. Shi H. Yao H. Liu X. Hou J. Huang F. Yip H.-L. Cao H. Heat-insulating multifunctional semitransparent polymer solar cells.Joule. 2018; 2 (this issue): 1816-1826Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (131) Google Scholar To realize this, two approaches are pursued. First, they introduce small bandgap non-fullerene organic molecules with an absorption edge extended to the near-infrared at 900 nm into the active layer. Second, a four-layer distributed Bragg reflector designed to reflect near-infrared light while transmitting visible light is used in conjunction with an ultrathin Ag layer as the top electrode. Using this approach, a TPV device with >25% AVT, >6% PCE, and over 80% of infrared radiation blocked is shown. The extra element of temperature regulation can increase the energy efficiency of buildings, making strategies like this highly desirable for BIPV. These two approaches show some of the promising ways researchers are tackling problems toward making BIPV more cost competitive. Both methods are using solution-processed semiconductors as the active layer, which can be fabricated using low cost and highly scalable deposition techniques. Broad-spectrum harvesting photovoltaics based on polymers or perovskites are experiencing a period of rapid progress that is also reflected in the growth of TPVs made from these materials.7Xue Q. Xia R. Brabec C.J. Yip H.-L. Recent advances in semi-transparent polymer and perovskite solar cells for power generating window applications.Energy Environ. Sci. 2018; 11: 1688-1709Crossref Google Scholar There is no perfect one size fits all solution to powering cities with complex energy demands using renewable technology. BIPV remains one promising avenue, and such advances in TPV technology elevate the potential for a step-change in the available surface area for new installations. Heat-Insulating Multifunctional Semitransparent Polymer Solar CellsSun et al.JouleJuly 3, 2018In BriefA dual-functional semitransparent organic photovoltaic cell that integrates both power-generation and heat-insulation functions is demonstrated. By introducing non-fullerene acceptor with enhanced near-infrared absorption and distributed Bragg reflectors for selectively keeping high reflectance for near-infrared light, the solar cell generates over 6% power conversion efficiency with high visible light transmission of over 25% in addition to an excellent infrared radiation rejection rate of over 80%. Full-Text PDF Open ArchiveHalide Perovskites for Selective Ultraviolet-Harvesting Transparent PhotovoltaicsLiu et al.JouleJune 25, 2018In BriefUV-harvesting transparent photovoltaic devices with halide perovskite light absorbers are demonstrated. The band gap is sensitively tuned with a range of compositions to selectively harvest only UV photons with band gaps between 410 and 440 nm. This approach offers theoretical efficiencies up to 7% with >99% visible transparency when precisely targeting band gaps around 435 nm. Practical optimization of these perovskite cells could quickly yield TPVs with PCEs rivaling state-of-the-art near-infrared-harvesting TPVs today while also providing a route to higher-efficiency multi-junction TPVs. Full-Text PDF Open Archive" @default.
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• W2891717105 title "Sunshine through the Looking Glass" @default.
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