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• W2893149089 abstract "Essential hypertension is an increase in the systemic arterial blood pressureWithout an apparent cause. Hypertension affects about 25% of the world population.According to a study conducted in urban areas, the prevalence of systolic andDiastolic hypertension in india is 40.9% and 29.3%, respectively (das,sanyal, &Basu, 2005). In india, hypertension is the predominant risk factor for coronary arteryDisease (cad) in all ethnic groups. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology ofHypertension is important. More than 90% of hypertensive individuals suffer fromEssential hypertension. It shows an earlier onset in men, than in women. The factorsLinked to essential hypertension are age, obesity, smoking and stress. A strongGenetic predisposition is also suggested. Blood pressure is mainly under the controlOf blood volume and peripheral resistance, determined predominantly by theArterioles. It is influenced by hormones as well as by the local factors. Nitric oxide(no), a second messenger of immense importance in the maintenance of bloodPressure is a vasodilator, which brings down the peripheral resistance.No is synonymous with endothelial derived relaxing factor (katzung, 2004).It acts via the heme moiety of guanylyl cyclase to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cgmp). This reduces the levels of cytosolic ca++ and alsoPhosphorylates myosin light chain kinase(mlck). No decreases the activity ofPlatelets and neutralizes free radicals. Thus, it plays a major role in preventingAtherosclerosis. It prevents binding of leucocytes to the endothelium and decreasesInflammation. Hence, it is considered as an important factor in preventingHypertension. There is a close link between the level of available no and bloodPressure. Various studies suggest that, the factors influencing the levels of no willHave an important role in the pathophysiology and susceptibility to essentialHypertension.The main source of circulating no is the endothelium, where it is producedFrom the amino acid l-arginine by the action of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(enos). This is a constitutive enzyme with its gene (enos/nos3) on chromosome7. Nos is a heme protein that exists in its inactive form as a monomer, but dimerizesBefore action. No is produced by the neurons too, where neuronal nitric oxideSynthase (nnos/ nos1), another constitutive enzyme, is responsible for itsProduction. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos/nos2) on chromosome 17 isInduced mostly during inflammation. It is responsible for the harmful effects of theGas. It is expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and hepatocytes and isResponsible for pathological vaso-relaxation. The enos is membrane bound, whileThe other two are present in soluble form. No is removed from circulation mostly byReaction with free radicals, such as superoxide. The balance between the productionAnd removal of no is very important with regard to hypertension .Because enos is the major enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production,Variation in its expression and activity can be linked to hypertension. It has beenFound that, a g to t polymorphism in the exon 7 region leading to a change fromGlutamate at 298 position to aspartate decreases the expression of the enzyme, butHas no effect on the activity (kato et al., 1999). Another study has suggested that,Such a change causes the enzyme to undergo selective proteolysis (hingorani, 2003).In intron 4 of nos3, there can be four 27 bp repeats (allele ‘a’) or five (allele‘b’). Presence of allele ‘a’, rather than the wild-type allele ‘b’, though shows anIncrease in the expression of the enzyme, reduces its activity (kato et al. 1999). ThePromoter region t to c polymorphism has also been shown to reduce the expressionOf the enzyme. The association of these polymorphisms to hypertension has beenControversial. Whereas, the g to t polymorphism has been associated withHypertension in many ethnic groups (miyamoto et al., 1998), including the indianPopulation (srivastava k, narang r, sreenivas v, das s and das n ,2008), theAssociation of the other two polymorphisms has been more controversial (hingorani,2003; kato et al., 1999). Few studies have been conducted on asians, especiallyThose living in india, regarding these polymorphisms.Hence, it is proposed to study the association of serum no level and enosIntron4 polymorphism in essential hypertension." @default.
• W2893149089 created "2018-10-05" @default.
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• W2893149089 date "2011-04-01" @default.
• W2893149089 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2893149089 title "Serum Nitric Oxide Level and Endothelial NitricOxide Synthase Gene INTRON4 VNTR Polymorphism inEssential Hypertension." @default.
• W2893149089 hasPublicationYear "2011" @default.
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