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• W289315108 abstract "Korea's drive for economic development, begun in the 1960s, has ushered the nation into the rank of newly industrialized countries (NICs) by the end of the 1980s. In less than three decades, the Korean economy that had remained a subsistence farm economy for many millennia was transformed into a formidable industrial economy. It is also noteworthy that Korea's economic success does not stand alone among its East Asian neighbors. Korean economic development shares some similarities in speed and dynamics with Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong although the extent and the substantive details of their economic changes are various. Another striking similarity in the East Asian economic success cases is the fact that the state has played a significant, if not decisive, role in leading the economic development drive. The state-led economic development model is more apparent in Korea because it was the authoritarian regime founded upon a military coup d'etat that led the economic development effort while the regime's violation of human rights and political freedom was a constant sorce of domestic political conflict and international controversy. To put it differently, it was the entrepreneurial bureaucracy in partnership with imaginative and aggressive businessmen and skilled and dedicated labor that has made it possible for the Korean economy to achieve a rapid and massive development. The entrepreneurial bureaucracy does not merely refer to a career bureaucracy that participated in economic development programs, but the term is used more broadly and less precisely to describe the political leadership, primarily presidential leadership, political appointees, and the career civil service who worked together as a government team in the development of the economy. The significance of Korea's entrepreneurial bureaucracy is that the executive team has served as the engine in transforming the traditional economy, which has practically not had the benefit of the Industrial Revolution, into a modern industrial economy. Thus, the central question posed here is: What is the cultural background that has contributed to this unprecedented change? What are the cultural forces that have triggered a sudden and drastic shift in the role of government and public officials? The shift was from the role of control and oppression of the people to that of service to the people through the development of the economy, thus freeing the people from the fear of starvation that has been a recurring threat to them throughout history. What is the entrepreneurial bureaucracy? What has the entrepreneurial bureaucracy done for Korea's economic development? What cultural characteristics are likely to have contributed to the rise of the entrepreneurial bureaucracy and its success? These are the primary questions the authors are interested in exploring in this article. However, it must be realized that a preliminary research they have conducted to prepare this article is far too inadequate to. meet this challenge fully as posed by these questions, but it is hoped to be adequate for breaking the ground in addressing this issue. In this article the authors first define entrepreneurial bureaucracy. Second, they will highlight the role of entrepreneurial bureaucracy in Korean economic development. Third, they will identify the cultural characteristics that are considered significant for the rise of entrepreneurial bureaucracy and will attempt to clarify the connection between the two. CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL BUREAUCRACY When we think of entrepreneurs, we think of business pioneers who have established new business empires in the process of industrialization such as Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller, the Mellons, the Carnegies, and the Harrimans in the case of the American experience. Entrepreneurial spirit is a critical element of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurs act out of conviction, not out of assurance of success. …" @default.
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• W289315108 title "The Cultural Roots of Entrepreneurial Bureaucracy: The Case" @default.
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