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• W2893841058 abstract "Obstetric cholestasis affects approximately 0.7% of pregnancies in England.1Kenyon A.P. Tribe R.M. Nelson-Piercy C. et al.Pruritus in pregnancy: a study of anatomical distribution and prevalence in relation to the development of obstetric cholestasis.Obstet Med. 2010; 3: 25-29Crossref PubMed Google Scholar The condition is defined as pruritus with an onset in pregnancy, abnormal liver function in the absence of other liver disease, and resolution following delivery.2Geenes V. Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.World J Gastroenterol. 2009; 15: 2049-2066Crossref PubMed Scopus (408) Google Scholar Obstetric cholestasis is of relevance to anaesthetists due to concern regarding the development of coagulopathy and the implications for regional anaesthetic and analgesic techniques. Coagulopathy is hypothesised to occur from the malabsorption of vitamin K, secondary to reduced bile acid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. However, this concern is based upon limited evidence from small, retrospective studies.3Bacq Y. Sapey T. Brechot M.C. Pierre F. Fignon A. Dubois F. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a French prospective study.Hepatology. 1997; 26: 358-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar, 4Jiang Z.H. Qui Z.D. Liu W.W. et al.Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and its complications. Analysis of 100 cases in Chongqing area.Chin Med J (Engl). 1986; 99: 957-960PubMed Google Scholar Bacq et al. demonstrated an incidence of abnormal prothrombin time of 8% in 49 cases of obstetric cholestasis.3Bacq Y. Sapey T. Brechot M.C. Pierre F. Fignon A. Dubois F. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a French prospective study.Hepatology. 1997; 26: 358-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar This rate has not been found in subsequent studies, and most recently DeLeon et al. found no cases of abnormal clotting in 319 parturients.2Geenes V. Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.World J Gastroenterol. 2009; 15: 2049-2066Crossref PubMed Scopus (408) Google Scholar, 5Schopflin C. Al-Rawi S. Retrospective analysis: Incidence of coagulopathy in obstetric cholestasis at the Princess Ann Hospital (PAH), Southampton.Anaesthesia. 2012; 67: 18Google Scholar, 6DeLeon A. De Oliveira G.S. Kalayil M. Narang S. McCarthy R.J. Wong C.A. The incidence of coagulopathy in pregnant patients with intrahepatic cholestasis: should we delay or avoid neuraxial analgesia?.J Clin Anesth. 2014; 26: 623-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar In the presence of conflicting data, and given that the consequences of an epidural haematoma secondary to coagulopathy are extreme, we sought to add to the current literature and understanding of obstetric cholestasis by conducting a multicentre observational study. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study across three hospital trusts in Wessex Deanery, co-ordinated by the local trainee-led research network. Approval for the study was obtained (South Central – Hampshire A Research Ethics Committee (14/SC/1456)). Inclusion criteria were parturients diagnosed with obstetric cholestasis, defined as at least one serum bile acid result greater than 14 µmol/L, who delivered between January 2010 and December 2014 and had a coagulation test result during their pregnancy. Electronic maternity databases were interrogated to identify women diagnosed with obstetric cholestasis. Biochemistry departments were contacted to identify all women of reproductive age who had a bile acid assay during this time period, to mitigate against incomplete records. Patient notes were reviewed to identify obstetric cholestasis treatment initiation and the presence of co-morbidities that could account for deranged biochemistry or coagulation. The primary study outcome was the prevalence of deranged coagulation studies within the study population (International Normalised Ratio (INR) greater than 1.4).7Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association and Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 966–72.Google Scholar Sample size analysis determined that at least 113 subjects would be required to detect an 8% incidence of coagulopathy, based upon previous studies, with a 5% precision error.8Naing L. Winn T. Rusli B. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies.Arch Orofacial Sci. 2006; 1: 9-14Google Scholar During the study period 745 parturients were diagnosed with obstetric cholestasis. With a combined number across trusts of 15 000 deliveries per year, this equates to a prevalence of 1%. Of those, 290 (39%) were excluded because they had no coagulation study result. In total, the 455 women included had 596 coagulation studies analysed. We identified no abnormal coagulation results, giving an incidence of coagulopathy of 0.0% (95% confidence interval 0.0% to 0.84%, calculated using a Poisson distribution). The mean INR (median [range]) was 0.9 (0.9 [0.8–1.2], n=303). The majority of coagulation studies were taken within 24 hours of delivery (75%, n=261). Serum bile acid and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels sampled at the same time as coagulation studies were severely deranged (bile acids >100 µmol/L; ALT >200 IU/L) in 9% and 15% of women, respectively. None of the 455 parturients with obstetric cholestasis developed a coagulopathy. This is despite co-existing and significantly deranged serum bile acid and ALT levels, with the bile acid pathway being implicated in the mechanism for developing coagulopathy in obstetric cholestasis. As the largest sample to date, our results add, in the form of patient numbers, to the findings of similar more recent studies, such as that by DeLeon et al.6DeLeon A. De Oliveira G.S. Kalayil M. Narang S. McCarthy R.J. Wong C.A. The incidence of coagulopathy in pregnant patients with intrahepatic cholestasis: should we delay or avoid neuraxial analgesia?.J Clin Anesth. 2014; 26: 623-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar Older studies with smaller patient numbers have reported a higher incidence of coagulopathy and the reasons for this are not clear.3Bacq Y. Sapey T. Brechot M.C. Pierre F. Fignon A. Dubois F. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a French prospective study.Hepatology. 1997; 26: 358-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar, 4Jiang Z.H. Qui Z.D. Liu W.W. et al.Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and its complications. Analysis of 100 cases in Chongqing area.Chin Med J (Engl). 1986; 99: 957-960PubMed Google Scholar Applying the ‘rule of three’ to our sample, we can be 95% confident that fewer than 1 in 152 parturients with obstetric cholestasis will have deranged clotting, but it is impossible to quantify how many of those would go on to develop a spinal or epidural haematoma if neuraxial blockade were performed in the presence of an undiagnosed coagulopathy. Risk is a continuum and the alternative anaesthetic options are not without their own risk of serious complications. There are limitations to our data. It is a retrospective study, and there were challenges collating complete data sets and identifying treatment initiation. Determination of the true incidence of coagulopathy in obstetric cholestasis, and the subsequent demonstration of an acceptably low level of risk for a complication, would require a large prospective study. However, we believe that our results strengthen those of recent studies and that this information will add to the clinician’s decision-making when weighing-up the risks and benefits of different anaesthetic techniques for the individual patient in front of them." @default.
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• W2893841058 date "2019-02-01" @default.
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• W2893841058 title "Coagulopathy in obstetric cholestasis in Wessex Deanery" @default.
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• W2893841058 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2018.09.007" @default.
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