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• W2894034412 abstract "One Flea-Bitten Gray HorseWomen, Horses, and Economy on the Yakama Reservation Clifford E. Trafzer (bio) and T. Robert Przeklasa (bio) On October 29, 1910, Panateenclah, a Native American woman from the Yakama Indian Reservation, purchased a horse and a double harness in Goldendale, Washington, just south of the reservation line. Panateenclah paid $90 to M. S. McCray for an eight-year-old brown mare bearing an SD brand on its left shoulder. As an added bonus, the mare would foal in the spring. Perhaps in due time that horse would fill the second slot on Panateenclah's new double harness.1 While such a detailed transaction from a bill of sale generated by an agent on the Yakama Reservation may strike a researcher as mundane, the information provided on the official government form with fountain pens, thumb prints, and typewriters reveals historical information about a transitional period of American Indian history. Indeed, the very existence of these documents tells the modern world much about life for the people of the Yakama Reservation at the turn of the twentieth century.2 The National Archives in Seattle, Washington, holds the papers of the Yakama Indian Agency. Federal officials created and kept bills of sale, like the one mentioned above, that recorded purchases made by tribal people between 1909 and 1912 under the administration of Commissioner of Indian Affairs Robert G. Valentine. He insisted on bills of sale as a way to control Indian spending, as well as to protect Indian people from unscrupulous traders. Along with these original purposes, these documents offer a record of the continued central role of women in the Yakama economy and historic lifeways in spite of government [End Page 5] interference in tribal lives. They also provide an insight into attempts to assimilate Native Americans into a male-centered society.3 Though Clifford Trafzer previously analyzed these documents in another essay, he decided to pursue a more focused analysis of horse purchases alone because of the importance of horses to life in Columbia Plateau Indian Country, their ubiquity on the reservation, and their value as major stores of wealth. The bills of sale from the Yakama Reservation reveal the influence of Indigenous women and their relationships with the horses they used for transportation, work, and subsistence and as stores of value. Horses exemplify women's historic central share in the tribal economy on the Yakama Reservation and reveal their coping mechanisms for lifestyles in transition following the confinement of Yakama and other Columbia Plateau Indian people to reservations fifty-five years after the signing of the Treaty of 1855 with the Yakama. These purchases evince a continuation of the historically influential and powerful position of women within the Native economy in the face of external pressure to adhere to non-Native gender roles during the early twentieth century. Women of the mid–Columbia River historically controlled large and essential portions of the tribal economy.4 Father Joseph Joset, an eighteenth-century Jesuit missionary to the region, complained of haughty and independent Columbia Plateau Indian women who refused to bow to Christian subordination and bought all they needed, even horses.5 Women produced the majority of yearly food supplies and possessed the unique knowledge required to do so.6 The fruits of their labors were so substantial and their knowledge so valuable that women held a very influential position in the tribal economy. Many women continued to gather food in this manner well into the first decade of the twentieth century, thereby continuing their economic prominence.7 A quantitative analysis of the bills of sale shines light upon a central aspect of economic life on the Yakama Reservation between 1909 and 1912, providing evidence to show this persistence of women's historic economic importance and tribal gender roles in the tribal economy.8 STATISTICS AS DOCUMENTS AND VOICES Historians of American Indians often find themselves in a difficult position in terms of historic source material and documentary evidence providing a voice for Native Americans. The documents used here offer powerful voices for Yakama women during a short time period. Native societies north of the Valley of Mexico were oral cultures without written languages; Native Americans passed..." @default.
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• W2894034412 date "2017-01-01" @default.
• W2894034412 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2894034412 title "One Flea-Bitten Gray Horse: Women, Horses, and Economy on the Yakama Reservation" @default.
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• W2894034412 doi "https://doi.org/10.5749/wicazosareview.32.2.0005" @default.
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