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• W2894404885 abstract "Thou by thy dial’s shady stealth mayst knowTime’s thievish progress to eternity.Look, what thy memory cannot contain,Commit to these waste blanks, and thou shalt findThose children nursed, deliver’d from thy brainTo take a new acquaintance of thy mind. -from Sonnet 77, William ShakespeareTime is the substance I am made of. -Jorge Luis Borges The passage of time has fascinated the human mind for millennia. Tools for measuring time emerged early in civilization: lunar calendars appear in the archeological record as far back as 10 000 years ago and water clocks some 6000 years ago. Later technological innovations such as mechanical clocks, and more recently atomic clocks, have allowed the tracking of time with ever-increasing precision. And yet, arguably, the most sophisticated ‘time piece’ is the brain. Our brains can not only track the duration and succession of events, but they can also coordinate complex motor movements at striking levels of precision; communicate effectively by generating and interpreting sounds and speech; determine how to maximize rewards over time in the face of uncertainty; reflect upon the past; plan for the future; respond to temporal regularities and irregularities in the environment; and adapt to change in temporal scales that range from millisecond resolution up to evolutionary processes spanning millions of years. Although timing is relevant to virtually every aspect of the nervous system, integrating ‘time’ into our understanding of brain function has proven challenging in many ways. After all, in contrast to the primary sensory modalities, for instance, there are no specific neural pathways dedicated to temporal processing per se. And yet, issues pertaining to time perception, representation, and coding – as well as other issues at the intersection of timing and other topics of cognitive sciences and neurobiology – have been areas of intense research. The overarching question we explore in this joint Special Issue between Trends in Neurosciences and Trends in Cognitive Sciences is: How is time – in all its iterations and scales – instantiated in nervous systems? The idea is obviously not to encompass all aspects of timing research, but rather to draw a picture – hopefully an engaging one, even if incomplete – of some of the many ways in which time-related research interfaces with a variety of aspects of neural functions and cognition. We chose to build the Special Issue around three general themes. The first, and perhaps the one that approaches ‘time in the brain’ most literally, relates to the subjective, internal experience of time [1van Rijn H. Towards ecologically valid interval timing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 850-852Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (12) Google Scholar, 2Ghetti S. Coughlin C. Stuck in the present? Constraints in children’s episodic prospection.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 846-850Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 3Coull J.T. Droit-Volet S. Explicit understanding of duration develops implicitly through action.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 923-937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 4Petter E.A. et al.Integrating models of interval timing and reinforcement learning.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 911-922Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 5Boroditsky L. Language and the construction of time through space.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 651-653Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (18) Google Scholar, 6Motanis H. et al.Short-term synaptic plasticity as a mechanism for sensory timing.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 701-711Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar]. For instance, at the most elementary level, how do we estimate the duration of events, or intervals between them? And, more generally, how do we represent complex temporal structures and envision events outside of the present? The second theme is the element of ‘external’ time: How do rhythmic events in the environment, and the passage of time, impact the brain and cognition [2Ghetti S. Coughlin C. Stuck in the present? Constraints in children’s episodic prospection.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 846-850Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 3Coull J.T. Droit-Volet S. Explicit understanding of duration develops implicitly through action.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 923-937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 7Rimmele J.M. et al.Proactive sensing of periodic and aperiodic auditory patterns.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 870-882Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar, 8Fernández G. Morris R.G.M. Memory, novelty and prior knowledge.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 654-659Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 9Couzin I.D. Synchronization: the key to effective communication in animal collectives.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 844-846Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 10Kotz S.A. et al.The evolution of rhythm processing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 896-910Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar, 11Dasen J.S. Evolution of locomotor rhythms.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 648-651Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 12Andreano J.M. et al.Hormonal cycles, brain network connectivity, and windows of vulnerability to affective disorder.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 660-676Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar, 13Albrecht U. Ripperger J.A. Circadian clocks and sleep: the impact of rhythmic metabolism and waste clearance on the brain.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 677-688Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 14Palva S. Palva J.M. Roles of brain criticality and multi-scale oscillations in temporal predictions for sensorimotor processing.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 729-743Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 15Krubitzer L.A. Prescott T.J. The combinatorial creature: cortical phenotypes within and across lifetimes.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 744-762Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar]? This includes both external influences from inanimate elements as well as the impact of temporal input from other living organisms, for instance via inter-individual feedback loops. The third theme in the Special Issue encompasses temporal aspects of neural coding and brain dynamics – for instance, the roles that different types of neurons play in the synchronization and temporal coordination of neural circuits, as well as questions pertaining to how circuit dynamics unfold over time [4Petter E.A. et al.Integrating models of interval timing and reinforcement learning.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 911-922Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 6Motanis H. et al.Short-term synaptic plasticity as a mechanism for sensory timing.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 701-711Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 7Rimmele J.M. et al.Proactive sensing of periodic and aperiodic auditory patterns.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 870-882Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar, 10Kotz S.A. et al.The evolution of rhythm processing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 896-910Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar, 11Dasen J.S. Evolution of locomotor rhythms.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 648-651Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 16Kopp-Scheinpflug C. et al.When sound stops: offset responses in the auditory system.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 712-728Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar, 17Rucci M. et al.Temporal coding of visual space.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 883-895Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 18Buzsáki G. Tingley D. Space and time: the hippocampus as a sequence generator.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 853-869Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar, 19Remington E.D. et al.A dynamical systems perspective on flexible motor timing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 938-952Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 20Sober S.J. et al.Millisecond spike timing codes for motor control.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 644-648Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 21Cardin J.A. Inhibitory interneurons regulate temporal precision and correlations in cortical circuits.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 689-700Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar]. Each of these themes is represented within each journal, but a more complete picture will emerge through a consideration of all the articles together. Although we focus the Special Issue around these themes, several other connective threads emerged as the pieces developed. One pertains to the special relationship between space and time (e.g., [5Boroditsky L. Language and the construction of time through space.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 651-653Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (18) Google Scholar, 17Rucci M. et al.Temporal coding of visual space.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 883-895Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 18Buzsáki G. Tingley D. Space and time: the hippocampus as a sequence generator.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 853-869Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar]). This relationship appears in many forms – from the ways in which time and space are intertwined in language, to the way that representations of time and space are linked at the neural level. Another thread explores the interconnections between a sense of time and an organism’s actions (both in terms of decision-making and motor control processes) (e.g., [4Petter E.A. et al.Integrating models of interval timing and reinforcement learning.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 911-922Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 19Remington E.D. et al.A dynamical systems perspective on flexible motor timing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 938-952Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 20Sober S.J. et al.Millisecond spike timing codes for motor control.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 644-648Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar]). Our physical interactions with the world seem essential, for instance, for the emergence of timing judgements during development, and timing in turn is crucial for motor control and executive function at many levels. A broad view of the Special Issue also highlights the extent to which vastly different timescales must be taken into account when considering the complex relationship between time and the brain. Some of the articles in the Special Issue discuss processes that occur at the millisecond to second range (e.g., [7Rimmele J.M. et al.Proactive sensing of periodic and aperiodic auditory patterns.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 870-882Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar, 14Palva S. Palva J.M. Roles of brain criticality and multi-scale oscillations in temporal predictions for sensorimotor processing.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 729-743Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 17Rucci M. et al.Temporal coding of visual space.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 883-895Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 20Sober S.J. et al.Millisecond spike timing codes for motor control.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 644-648Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 21Cardin J.A. Inhibitory interneurons regulate temporal precision and correlations in cortical circuits.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 689-700Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar]), over minutes, hours, or days (e.g., [8Fernández G. Morris R.G.M. Memory, novelty and prior knowledge.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 654-659Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 13Albrecht U. Ripperger J.A. Circadian clocks and sleep: the impact of rhythmic metabolism and waste clearance on the brain.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 677-688Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (25) Google Scholar]), or over months or years (e.g., [2Ghetti S. Coughlin C. Stuck in the present? Constraints in children’s episodic prospection.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 846-850Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 3Coull J.T. Droit-Volet S. Explicit understanding of duration develops implicitly through action.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 923-937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 12Andreano J.M. et al.Hormonal cycles, brain network connectivity, and windows of vulnerability to affective disorder.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 660-676Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar]). Still others discuss processes that take place on an evolutionary timescale (e.g., [10Kotz S.A. et al.The evolution of rhythm processing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 896-910Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (104) Google Scholar, 11Dasen J.S. Evolution of locomotor rhythms.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 648-651Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 15Krubitzer L.A. Prescott T.J. The combinatorial creature: cortical phenotypes within and across lifetimes.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 744-762Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar]). With that, neural systems are notable in their ability to ‘bridge’ or ‘tile’ different timescales, as seen for example in the ability to generate similarly structured movements at varying speeds or to process external stimuli at a remarkable range of temporal scales (e.g., [14Palva S. Palva J.M. Roles of brain criticality and multi-scale oscillations in temporal predictions for sensorimotor processing.Trends Neurosci. 2018; 41: 729-743Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 19Remington E.D. et al.A dynamical systems perspective on flexible motor timing.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018; 22: 938-952Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar]). This Special Issue would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of many people. We would like to extend sincere thanks to all the contributing authors, as well as the many reviewers who provided thoughtful feedback on the manuscripts. We would also like to thank members of the Cell Press family and Elsevier, including the Art Department for the cover design, and our Journal Managers for their assistance throughout the production process. Finally, we would like to thank you, our readers, for your continued engagement. We hope you enjoy this joint Special Issue on ‘Time in the Brain’." @default.
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• W2894404885 title "Thy Mind, Thy Brain and Time" @default.
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