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• W2894644382 abstract "Abstract We present a methodology and results for measuring crystallization kinetics of sparingly soluble salt mixtures typical of reject/concentrate streams from membrane-based, inland water supply processes. More usable water can be recovered (and lower disposal costs incurred) from these concentrate streams through efficient crystallization. In this work, we present a steady state, continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)-in-series approach to study crystallization kinetics of a model solution mixture that is supersaturated in CaCO3. We have used pH, conductivity and turbidity changes in the system to monitor crystallization using six CSTRs with individual residence times of nominally 3, 5, and 11 min. This system operates in a steady state mode with total crystallization times from ∼15–68 min and was capable of handling up to ∼0.59 L/min of hard water for the shortest residence time studied. The supersaturation was depleted ∼25% and over 50% with total reactor system residence times of ∼15 and 68 min, respectively, without any added chemicals. Using the metric of 5 NTU turbidity as being the point of discernible crystal formation, we examined how mixing energy dissipation affects the induction times for crystallization. Notably, discernible crystallization could only be advanced to the 1st CSTR by using a recirculation loop to “fine-tune” the effect of surface area exposure-to-volume ratio, as well as, mixing energy dissipation. A rudimentary, semi-empirical model was used to capture the parametric trends of our experimental results, using the Kolmogorov mixing lengths, surface area-to-volume ratios, flow rates, and nominal diffusion coefficients. This parameterization may be tested further for design scale-up guidance." @default.
• W2894644382 created "2018-10-12" @default.
• W2894644382 creator A5039441851 @default.
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• W2894644382 date "2019-03-01" @default.
• W2894644382 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W2894644382 title "Measuring sparingly-soluble, aqueous salt crystallization kinetics using CSTRs-in-series: Methodology development and CaCO3 studies" @default.
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• W2894644382 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.084" @default.
• W2894644382 hasPublicationYear "2019" @default.
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