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• W2894810744 abstract "Urban land use changes natural catchment processes through deforestation and the construction of impervious surfaces and stormwater drainage systems, resulting in the degradation of instream habitat and biota. Despite these urban degraders occurring at the catchment-scale, most efforts to mitigate urban impacts involve stream restoration at smaller scales, along the riparian zone or within the channel. Restoration efforts often rest on the assumption that restoration of physical habitat at these smaller scales will lead to the restoration of biological communities. However, recent reviews of restoration attempts have concluded that mitigation of urban impacts via riparian and channel habitat restoration is rarely successful, and hence mitigation attempts may require management actions at larger scales which address the sources of stress in the catchment.Identifying the magnitude and spatial scales of urban influences throughout the catchment can aid in determining the best restoration practices. To date, relatively few studies have assessed the influence of riparian land cover changes on stream ecosystems influenced by different levels of catchment stormwater runoff. This project aims to assess responses to changes in habitat diversity and corresponding macroinvertebrate communities as a result of riparian deforestation and catchment urban land use, testing if the often-assumed relationship in restoration ecology between habitat complexity and biodiversity varies under different levels of urbanization. Changes in instream habitat associated with riparian deforestation and catchment urban land use were assessed using estimates of impervious area connected to the stream by stormwater drainage (attenuated imperviousness; AI), riparian forest cover weighted by flow-path distance to the stream (attenuated forest cover; AF), and riparian canopy cover lining a stream reach (canopy cover; CC). Three tributaries of the Yarra River, ~35 km east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, were selected for this study, which had catchment sizes ranging from 7.73 – 23.27 km2. Two of the tributaries ranged from 0.13 – 0.81% AI, with urban settlements in the lower reaches. The other tributary ranged from 2.23 – 4.16% AI, with urban settlements in 2.5 km2 of its uplands, and rural residential and low-intensity grazing agriculture downstream. Habitat variables measured were the ratio of channel width to depth (W/D), the ratio of bank height to catchment area, the proportion of clay, silt, sand, fine gravel, medium gravel, coarse gravel, and the amount of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), and large woody debris (LWD). Catchment urban land use had the greatest effect on instream habitat variables, as it was associated with major changes in sediment composition, larger bank heights, and lower amounts of CPOM and LWD. The presence of riparian vegetation was associated with a reduction in some, but not all of the effects of urban land use on instream habitat. Specifically, AF was associated with lower bank height and mobile sediments, and both CC and AF were associated with increased CPOM in the most urban stream. Responses of macroinvertebrate communities to urban degraders were also assessed using AI, AF, and CC. All macroinvertebrate samples were taken from submerged LWD within the three tributaries of the Yarra River that had varying levels of catchment urban land use and riparian vegetation. Total macroinvertebrate density and richness, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) density, and the densities of individual taxa that were abundant in each stream were determined. Higher levels of AI were associated with lower EPT density and richness, as well as a decrease in the density of sensitive taxa and increase in the density of tolerant taxa. Riparian vegetation had positive effect on EPT density, especially in 1 of the 2 less urban streams. These results lead to the conclusion that AF can increase the density of EPT taxa, especially in streams with low levels of urban land use, but more substantial increases in sensitive taxa density and richness are likely only if urban stormwater drainage impacts are mitigated or removed.To test whether the alteration of macroinvertebrate communities resulting from catchment-scale perturbations can be mitigated by direct manipulation of instream habitat complexity, the effect of manipulating surface complexity on macroinvertebrate assemblages in urban and non-urban streams was experimentally assessed. Experimental wood block substrates were used with two treatment types; smooth blocks with low surface complexity and grooved blocks with 4-mm x 2-mm grooves cut into them, and hence higher surface complexity. Blocks were cut to size so that regardless of complexity, surface areas of all wood substrates were held constant (1094 cm2) to eliminate the possibility of sampling effects. Macroinvertebrate assemblage composition differed strongly with urban land use, but not with surface complexity. EPT density was lower with urban land use, and higher with surface complexity. Total taxon and EPT richness was lower in urban sites, but did not show a difference in response to surface complexity. Of the 30 taxa analysed, 13 differed in density with catchment condition, but not with surface complexity. Only two taxa were affected by both catchment condition and surface complexity. The results suggest that EPT density in urban streams can be increased by increasing local habitat surface complexity, but improved stormwater management is needed to increase other aspects of macroinvertebrate communities, such as EPT and total taxon richness.Catchment factors were the main driver of instream habitat and macroinvertebrate communities in the streams used here. Hence the best chance of restoring streams such as these, is to mitigate the impacts of urban stormwater runoff. The influence of riparian and instream physical habitat was reduced in urban catchments, however they still provided some benefit to the streams used here, with low levels of stormwater impacts. Therefore, the protection and restoration of these habitats is not sufficient to establish instream biota similar to pre-urban conditions, but can aid in mitigating some of the impacts of urbanisation." @default.
• W2894810744 created "2018-10-12" @default.
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• W2894810744 date "2017-01-01" @default.
• W2894810744 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2894810744 title "The effects of urban land use, riparian forest cover, and instream habitat complexity on macroinvertebrate assemblages" @default.
• W2894810744 hasPublicationYear "2017" @default.
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