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• W2895674411 abstract "As the state of the environment deteriorates due to the large energy consumption in the world, the importance of green technologies like photovoltaic (PV) generators and electric vehicles (EVs) increases. Both are making their appearance as common technologies in the modern life. However, separately these technologies can have bad influences on distribution networks. Fortunately, PV and EV have a natural synergy: when the PV energy is stored directly in the EV batteries, the currents to and from the grid can be kept within limits. To enable this synergy, the EVs should be charged during the peak hours of the sun and the EVs should be connected directly to the PV panels. This thesis presents different strategies of charging EVs at an office with PV arrays, in order to integrate large amounts of PV and EV without causing any grid violations. A general framework for the different strategies is developed, containing an aggregator, the EV charging stations and a grid monitoring system. Three different ways of mitigating grid violations when they would appear are defined, and each of these start charging either at maximum charging power or average charging power. The strategies make real-time choices based on the state of the EVs and the grid. In this way, the EVs will be fully charged upon departure (typical constant current/constant voltage mode charging for lithium-ion batteries included) while keeping the transformer power, the line currents and the node voltages within the limits. The first charging strategy shares the violation mitigation among all EVs: the charging power of all available EVs are adjusted in low extend in order to create more balance in the power flows. The second charging strategy makes use of location-dependent violation mitigation: only the EVs at the location with the most impact are adjusted. In this way, the violation will be mitigated as effective as possible, so by adjusting the least amount of aggregated charging power. The third charging strategy ranks the EVs based in their energy demand, remaining connection time and their location. Then the most flexible EVs are adjusted as much as they can in order to mitigate grid violations. In this case there is not a large fleet in which all EVs have to adjust in low extend, but there are a few EV that have to adjust in large extend. In this way, the least EVs are affected by the violation mitigation. The results show that charging at average charging power has many more benefits than charging at maximum charging power, especially in case of a lot of solar power generation. Besides, it is found that fair sharing of grid violation mitigation results in the least losses because of the flat current profiles they cause. Unfair sharing results in large current peaks, more losses and current violations besides the voltage violations. Adjusting less EVs in larger extend is more effective than adjusting many EVs in small extend, because it takes the EV parameters into account: in this way the least flexible EVs are spared and will not cause any problems at the end of the day." @default.
• W2895674411 created "2018-10-12" @default.
• W2895674411 creator A5047303579 @default.
• W2895674411 date "2017-01-01" @default.
• W2895674411 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2895674411 title "Developing smart charging strategies for large-scale integration of photovoltaics and electric vehicles" @default.
• W2895674411 hasPublicationYear "2017" @default.
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