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• W2895832704 abstract "The images of the 9/11 terrorist attacks put “security” back on the politicalagenda with both a vengeance and a new accentuation. At the end of 2001 therewas no doubt among the public or in political circles that 9/11 would triggerimmediate legislative action. Legislative activism, expressed through regulationslike the US Patriot Act or the European Union Data Retention Directive, wasfuelled by the assumption that-despite the existence of information whichmight have thwarted the terrorists-the intelligence and law-enforcementagencies were unable to “connect the dots” to prevent the attacks (Taipale, 2004/2005). Added to this assumption was the widely shared belief that the existinglegal framework contained considerable security deficiencies (Lepsius, 2004).In the wake of a series of attacks in North America and Europe, securityofficials reintroduced proposals that had previously had “no chance to beaccepted” (Hoffman-Riem, 2002: 498) or had been rejected on the grounds thatthey encroached too far upon civil rights and liberties (Levi and Wall, 2004).Threats were seen as arising from a qualitatively new and intangible terrornetwork, which changed the geometry of freedom and security. Consequently,as Lepsius (2004) notes, “Whether a need for legislative regulation existed wasnever in doubt; the question of the ‘if’ had been answered by the evidence andneeded no justification” (Lepsius, 2004:438). This perception reflects a disregardfor fundamental civil rights and liberties, which characterizes many of thenew, security-oriented, legislative initiatives.The attacks in New York, Madrid, and London facilitated and acceleratedthe move towards policing focused on collecting intelligence (Institute forProspective Technological Studies 2003). Access to communications content isa common way of gathering information for criminal investigations andsecurity purposes. However, in the emerging “information society” morerelationships and social interactions occur via electronic communications networks. It is not only the content of such information that is useful to thepolice and the security agencies; data on the use of communications systemsare a valuable resource in preventing, investigating, detecting, and prosecutingthreats and crimes. Communications data are used to trace and locate thesource and route of information as well as to collect and secure evidence:“allowing investigators for example to establish links between suspected conspirators (itemized bill) or to ascertain the whereabouts of a given person at agiven time, thereby confirming or disproving an alibi” (UK Home Office, 2002).In Europe, the debate over the retention of communication data did notoriginate in recent terrorist attacks. Data-protection legislation now requirescommunication providers to erase traffic data, which includes information onsource and recipient of the communication together with information on time,date, duration, location of devices, as soon as it is no longer needed for billingpurposes. For several years, law-enforcement agencies in various Europeancountries have urged governments to adopt retention requirements. As a compromise solution, the EU e-Privacy Directive (2002) provided that memberstates were allowed to adopt legislative measures to retain data for a limitedperiod, if these are necessary to safeguard national security, defence,and public security, and prevent, investigate, detect and prosecute criminaloffences, and so on. (Art. 15 § 1).The call for harmonized data-retention legislation arose as a result of theMadrid train bombings in March 2004. Four years later, the permissive language of the e-Privacy Directive has been transformed into an obligationimposed on EU member states. Service and network providers situated inEuropean Union member states are or will be legally mandated to indiscriminately retain all communication data of all subscribers. The Directiveapplies to electronic communication services offered via the internet, but itdoes not apply to the content of the communications. Data is to be retainedfor a period of six months to two years (depending on the member state) forthe purpose of the potential investigation, detection, and prosecution of serious crime, and made available to the designated authorities, in the cases provided by domestic law. The “prevention” of crime was ultimately excludedfrom the scope of the Directive as a result of a privacy-enhancing approachadopted by the European Parliament and the critical voices of European dataprotection commissioners who opposed the wide ambit inherent in a “preventive” approach. National legislators have to specify the procedures to befollowed and the conditions to be fulfilled in order to gain access to retaineddata “in accordance with necessity and proportionality requirements” (Art. 4of Data Retention Directive).This regulatory development still raises significant concerns about therespect for privacy and other fundamental rights and freedoms. To date,European critics have focused on the disproportionality of the adopted measures, in particular their impingement on existing rights and liberties of theoverwhelming majority of the population. This chapter, by focusing on the 2006EUDataRetentionDirective, addresses the question of data retention as amethodof mass communications surveillance. It suggests that generalized and indiscriminate data retention reflects a shift from a constitutional state guardingagainst the threat of specific risks in concrete situations toward a security-orientedpreventive, or even pre-emptive, state, which acts or is expected to act proactively.Retention of communications data is discussed as a security measure, onewhich interferes with the right to privacy, freedom of communication, andfreedom of expression. Privacy, in our approach, is not merely a residuum or aright “possessed” by individuals, but is a condition for making autonomousdecisions, freely communicating with other persons, and participating in ademocratic society, all of which are jeopardized by data-retention practices.There is a serious concern that data-retention policies may endangeropen communication and affect democratic participation with further andconsiderable impacts on democracy." @default.
• W2895832704 created "2018-10-26" @default.
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• W2895832704 date "2010-07-12" @default.
• W2895832704 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2895832704 title "The impact of communications data retention on fundamental rights and democracy – the case of the EU Data Retention Directive" @default.
• W2895832704 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203852156-15" @default.
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