FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2896068478> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2896068478 endingPage "630" @default.
• W2896068478 startingPage "628" @default.
• W2896068478 abstract "Related Article, p. 644 Related Article, p. 644 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue of epidemic proportions and the adverse effects on quality of life, cardiovascular health, and increased mortality in particular create a substantial burden on health care systems.1Hill N.R. Fatoba S.T. Oke J.L. et al.Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease – a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2016; 11e0158765Crossref PubMed Scopus (1775) Google Scholar In contrast to the adult population, very little is known about the epidemiology of CKD in children, especially in the United States. Although the US Renal Data System (USRDS) tracks end-stage renal disease (ESRD) data in children and adolescents, there is no obligatory national registry for CKD in the pediatric population. Much of what we know about childhood CKD is derived from the available ESRD data. In this issue of AJKD, Saydah et al2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar address this important issue by analyzing and tracking markers of CKD in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) during three 6-year periods: 1988 to 1994, 2003 to 2008, and 2009 to 2014.2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar The authors used 2 markers as measures of CKD: persistent albuminuria (defined as urine albumin-creatinine ratio [ACR] ≥ 30 mg/g during 2 consecutive measurements) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Two urine ACR values, obtained from a random sample and a first-morning-void sample, were available for only a limited number of adolescents from the third NHANES phase. Therefore, because second urine samples were unavailable for the majority of participants, multiple imputation analysis was used to calculate missing second ACR values. eGFR was calculated using the bedside Schwartz equation.3Schwartz G.J. Muñoz A. Schneider M.F. et al.New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20: 629-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (2393) Google Scholar The authors observed that the prevalence of persistent albuminuria was similar, at 3.64% and 3.29% for 1988 to 1994 and 2009 to 2014, respectively. By comparison, the prevalence of reduced eGFR (eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2) increased from 31.46% to 34.58% (P < 0.001) during those 2 periods, whereas the prevalence of low eGFR (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) increased from 0.32% to 0.91% (not significant).2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar This study is notable for being the largest population-based study of CKD prevalence in a nationally representative cohort of adolescents to date. Most epidemiologic studies of childhood CKD are not population based,4Warady B.A. Chadha V. Chronic kidney disease in children: the global perspective.Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22: 1999-2009Crossref PubMed Scopus (319) Google Scholar and the few reported national registries are limited to small populations.5Esbjörner E. Berg U. Hansson S. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: a report from Sweden 1986-1994. Swedish Pediatric Nephrology Association.Pediatr Nephrol. 1997; 11: 438-442Crossref PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar The only other comparable study at present is the ItalKid project, a prospective pediatric population-based registry from Italy that was initiated in 1990.6Ardissino G. Daccò V. Testa S. et al.Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from the ItalKid project.Pediatrics. 2003; 111: e382-e387Crossref PubMed Scopus (412) Google Scholar Based on a population of 16.8 million children (<20 years of age), the ItalKid project surveys the incidence and prevalence of those with eGFRs < 75 mL/min/1.73 m2. In 2000, the project reported a CKD prevalence of 74.7 per million in the age-related population.6Ardissino G. Daccò V. Testa S. et al.Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from the ItalKid project.Pediatrics. 2003; 111: e382-e387Crossref PubMed Scopus (412) Google Scholar Why is it important to know the CKD prevalence in children? Although the prevalence of advanced CKD in children is relatively low,2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar, 4Warady B.A. Chadha V. Chronic kidney disease in children: the global perspective.Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22: 1999-2009Crossref PubMed Scopus (319) Google Scholar CKD in this population presents significant therapeutic challenges that encompass multiple extrarenal comorbid conditions, such as growth failure, developmental and neurocognitive defects, and impaired cardiovascular health. In addition, advanced CKD in children carries an extremely high mortality rate; children requiring renal replacement therapy have a mortality rate 30 times higher than children without ESRD.7McDonald S.P. Craig J.C. Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Nephrology AssociationLong-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease.N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 2654-2662Crossref PubMed Scopus (606) Google Scholar Therefore, characterizing the epidemiology of CKD in the pediatric population is critical to identifying the specific groups that are at high risk for developing CKD, determining the extent of the disease, and assessing the effect of therapeutic interventions. This is especially important in view of the increasing risk factors for the development of CKD in children. For example, there is a growing body of evidence that pediatric survivors of the intensive care unit who have sustained acute kidney injury are at higher risk for developing CKD.8Mammen C. Al Abbas A. Skippen P. et al.Long-term risk of CKD in children surviving episodes of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study.Am J Kidney Dis. 2012; 59: 523-530Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (376) Google Scholar, 9Selewski D.T. Hyatt D.M. Bennett K.M. Charlton J.R. Is acute kidney injury a harbinger for chronic kidney disease?.Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018; 30: 236-240Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar In addition, the increasing number of premature and low-birth-weight infants, presumed to have lower nephron endowment, and the increasing prevalence of obesity in children all contribute to increased risk for CKD from hyperfiltration injury.10Starr M.C. Hingorani S.R. Prematurity and future kidney health: the growing risk of chronic kidney disease.Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018; 30: 228-235Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 11Nehus E. Obesity and chronic kidney disease.Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018; 30: 241-246Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar Renal injury in children also leads to higher risk for ESRD in adulthood.12Calderon-Margalit R. Golan E. Twig G. et al.History of childhood kidney disease and risk of adult end-stage renal disease.N Engl J Med. 2018; 378: 428-438Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar According to the USRDS, 10,251 adult survivors of childhood ESRD contributed to the adult point prevalence of ESRD in 2015.13Saran R. Robinson B. Abbott K.C. et al.US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 71: S1-S672PubMed Google Scholar These observations underscore the vital importance of maintaining an updated epidemiologic database of CKD in children and adolescents. Other important points brought to our attention by this study by Saydah et al2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar are the many challenges that are encountered in epidemiologic studies of CKD in children and the lack of adequate biomarkers of kidney disease in this population. Because CKD is typically asymptomatic at early stages, it is frequently underdiagnosed. Furthermore, biomarkers of CKD for children, including eGFR and proteinuria, are not reliable for several reasons. One reason is that there is no method for accurately calculating GFR in children. GFR in children varies widely according to age, sex, and size, which poses considerable challenges in formulating accurate GFR estimating equations. As several studies have shown, eGFRs can differ significantly depending on the equation used.14Fadrowski J.J. Neu A.M. Schwartz G.J. Furth S.L. Pediatric GFR estimating equations applied to adolescents in the general population.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1427-1435Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar In a study of adolescents 12 to 17 years of age who participated in the 1999 to 2002 NHANES, the proportion with eGFRs < 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 differed by as much as 8.9% depending on the equation used to calculate eGFR.14Fadrowski J.J. Neu A.M. Schwartz G.J. Furth S.L. Pediatric GFR estimating equations applied to adolescents in the general population.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1427-1435Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar Also contributing to this variance is a difference in laboratory methods of measuring serum creatinine and cystatin C. The enzymatic method is more sensitive and specific than the Jaffé method for measuring creatinine and yields lower creatinine values.15Myers G.L. Miller W.G. Coresh J. et al.Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program.Clin Chem. 2006; 52: 5-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (1005) Google Scholar Additionally, there are currently no standard calibrators for cystatin C assays equivalent to the isotope-dilution mass spectrometry reference method for creatinine assays.14Fadrowski J.J. Neu A.M. Schwartz G.J. Furth S.L. Pediatric GFR estimating equations applied to adolescents in the general population.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1427-1435Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar Furthermore, most eGFR equations were formulated from groups of children with CKD,3Schwartz G.J. Muñoz A. Schneider M.F. et al.New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20: 629-637Crossref PubMed Scopus (2393) Google Scholar, 14Fadrowski J.J. Neu A.M. Schwartz G.J. Furth S.L. Pediatric GFR estimating equations applied to adolescents in the general population.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6: 1427-1435Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar which can lead to underestimation of actual GFR, as shown in adult studies.16Poggio E.D. Wang X. Greene T. Van Lente F. Hall P.M. Performance of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations in the estimation of GFR in health and in chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 459-466Crossref PubMed Scopus (594) Google Scholar This may explain the high prevalence of adolescents with reduced eGFRs < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 reported in this issue of AJKD, compared to the reported prevalence of CKD in adults in the United States during a similar period (34.58% vs 14.8% during 2011 to 2014).2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar, 17Saran R. Robinson B. Abbott K.C. et al.US Renal Data System 2016 Annual Data Report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States.Am J Kidney Dis. 2017; 69: A7-A8Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (630) Google Scholar These observations underscore the vital need for standardized assays and the development of equations for accurately estimating GFR in the pediatric population. Another commonly used marker for CKD in both children and adults is albuminuria. Saydah et al tracked persistent albuminuria in adolescent participants during three 6-year periods. A major limitation of this study was that 91% of study participants lacked a second urine albumin measurement and therefore imputed values were used for the vast majority. These imputations are based on certain assumptions, including that the covariates used in the imputation model (such as blood pressure and age) are the only variables that affect albuminuria. Because most of the second ACR values were imputed from study participants in the third NHANES phase, it is not surprising that the prevalence of persistent albuminuria among the 3 phases was not statistically different. Despite the statistical validity of the imputations, the benefit of imputing ACR values, rather than simply describing the prevalence of persistent albuminuria based on the group of adolescents for whom 2 measurements were available, is unclear. Furthermore, because the majority of ACR values were imputed, caution should be used in generalizing the prevalence of persistent albuminuria from this study to the general adolescent population. The investigators also observed that the prevalence of albuminuria decreased significantly with the second measurement, a first-morning-void sample, in comparison to the prevalence with the random urine sample.2Saydah S.H. Xie H. Imperatore G. Burrows N.R. Pavkov M.E. Trends in albuminuria and GFR among adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014.Am J Kidney Dis. 2018; 72: 644-652Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar As the authors suggest, orthostatic proteinuria, which is found at a much higher frequency in children than adults,18Dodge W.F. West E.F. Smith E.H. Bunce III, H. Proteinuria and hematuria in schoolchildren: epidemiology and early natural history.J Pediatr. 1976; 88: 327-347Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar, 19Springberg P.D. Garrett L.E. Thompson A.L. Collins N.F. Lordon R.E. Robinson R.R. Fixed and reproducible orthostatic proteinuria: results of a 20-year follow-up study.Ann Intern Med. 1982; 97: 516-519Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar most probably accounted for the significant difference in values. As a result, the prevalence of CKD is substantially overestimated by ∼80% when using a single random ACR measurement. This highlights the importance of using first-morning-void samples in measuring urine albumin in the pediatric population, which has been emphasized by others previously.20Hogg R.J. Screening for CKD in children: a global controversy.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4: 509-515Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar More importantly, these findings reinforce the compelling need to identify more sensitive and specific biomarkers of CKD in children and adolescents. Although there is global recognition of the need to track the incidence and prevalence of CKD in children and adolescents, there is no global consensus on the optimal method to screen for CKD in this population. Japan, Taiwan, and Korea have national mass urine screening programs in place that have been shown to lead to early detection and successful intervention in CKD.20Hogg R.J. Screening for CKD in children: a global controversy.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4: 509-515Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar In contrast, analyses performed in the United States demonstrate that mass urine screening programs are not cost-effective.18Dodge W.F. West E.F. Smith E.H. Bunce III, H. Proteinuria and hematuria in schoolchildren: epidemiology and early natural history.J Pediatr. 1976; 88: 327-347Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar, 21Sekhar D.L. Wang L. Hollenbeak C.S. Widome M.D. Paul I.M. A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening urine dipsticks in well-child care.Pediatrics. 2010; 125: 660-663Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar The American Academy of Pediatrics published recommendations in 2007 in which no urinalysis is recommended at any point in childhood,22Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Bright Futures Steering CommitteeRecommendations for preventive pediatric health care.Pediatrics. 2007; 120 (1376-1376)Google Scholar and this remained the case in the 2014 recommendations.23Simon G.R. Baker C. Barden G.A. et al.2014 recommendations for pediatric preventive health care.Pediatrics. 2014; 133: 568-570Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar However, these recommendations are based on data that do not reflect some major contributing factors to childhood CKD, including hypertension and obesity, and therefore need to be revisited.20Hogg R.J. Screening for CKD in children: a global controversy.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4: 509-515Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar Although we may not agree on the best screening method for childhood CKD, we could perhaps benefit from a national registry that parallels those of other countries with national health care systems. The NHANES currently samples only certain segments of the population and is based on the assumption that these segments are representative of the entire US population. Because children with risk factors for CKD, such as prematurity and low birth weight, are increasing in number, we need to launch a concerted national effort to systematically track these children. With convincing adult data showing the effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in slowing the progression of CKD,24Jafar T.H. Schmid C.H. Landa M. et al.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data.Ann Intern Med. 2001; 135: 73-87Crossref PubMed Scopus (890) Google Scholar the benefits of a national database of children with CKD become even clearer. Such a database would aid in the early detection of CKD and also help assess the impact of therapeutic interventions on a larger scale. Identifying the first steps that need to be taken (Box 1) will bring us closer to achieving the goal of a comprehensive national registry for children with CKD.Box 1Proposed Steps to Enhance a National Database for Children With CKD1.Expand NHANES database to include serum creatinine measurement in children aged 2-12 y2.Systematic follow-up of kidney function (eGFR and albuminuria) in children with risk factors for CKD including:a)Premature and low-birth-weight infantsb)Children with structural renal anomaliesc)Children with history of acute kidney injuryd)Obese children3.Identification of more sensitive and specific biomarkers of CKD4.Standardization of assays for biomarkers of CKD5.Development of more accurate equations for calculating eGFRAbbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 1.Expand NHANES database to include serum creatinine measurement in children aged 2-12 y2.Systematic follow-up of kidney function (eGFR and albuminuria) in children with risk factors for CKD including:a)Premature and low-birth-weight infantsb)Children with structural renal anomaliesc)Children with history of acute kidney injuryd)Obese children3.Identification of more sensitive and specific biomarkers of CKD4.Standardization of assays for biomarkers of CKD5.Development of more accurate equations for calculating eGFR Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends in Albuminuria and GFR Among Adolescents in the United States, 1988-2014American Journal of Kidney DiseasesVol. 72Issue 5PreviewAlbuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) define chronic kidney disease in adults and youth. Different from adults, the burden of abnormal kidney markers among youth in the general United States population is largely unknown. Full-Text PDF" @default.
• W2896068478 created "2018-10-26" @default.
• W2896068478 creator A5000503007 @default.
• W2896068478 creator A5005930986 @default.
• W2896068478 date "2018-11-01" @default.
• W2896068478 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2896068478 title "CKD in Children: The Importance of a National Epidemiologic Study" @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2032874468 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2038779553 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2068797950 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2104443849 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2110497256 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2112261155 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2122855609 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2136741830 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2140445493 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2149529126 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2153668464 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2154667310 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2163441553 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2170453602 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2470481127 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2787109182 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2789265366 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2789820562 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2791363836 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2884892913 @default.
• W2896068478 cites W2915967003 @default.
• W2896068478 doi "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.07.005" @default.
• W2896068478 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30343730" @default.
• W2896068478 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
• W2896068478 type Work @default.
• W2896068478 sameAs 2896068478 @default.
• W2896068478 citedByCount "11" @default.
• W2896068478 countsByYear W28960684782020 @default.
• W2896068478 countsByYear W28960684782021 @default.
• W2896068478 countsByYear W28960684782022 @default.
• W2896068478 countsByYear W28960684782023 @default.
• W2896068478 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2896068478 hasAuthorship W2896068478A5000503007 @default.
• W2896068478 hasAuthorship W2896068478A5005930986 @default.
• W2896068478 hasConcept C177713679 @default.
• W2896068478 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W2896068478 hasConcept C99454951 @default.
• W2896068478 hasConceptScore W2896068478C177713679 @default.
• W2896068478 hasConceptScore W2896068478C71924100 @default.
• W2896068478 hasConceptScore W2896068478C99454951 @default.
• W2896068478 hasIssue "5" @default.
• W2896068478 hasLocation W28960684781 @default.
• W2896068478 hasLocation W28960684782 @default.
• W2896068478 hasOpenAccess W2896068478 @default.
• W2896068478 hasPrimaryLocation W28960684781 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W1506200166 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W1995515455 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W2048182022 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W2080531066 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W2604872355 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W2748952813 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W2899084033 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W3031052312 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W3032375762 @default.
• W2896068478 hasRelatedWork W3108674512 @default.
• W2896068478 hasVolume "72" @default.
• W2896068478 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2896068478 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2896068478 magId "2896068478" @default.
• W2896068478 workType "article" @default.