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• W289644594 abstract "INTRODUCTION Studies from several settings in South Asia (reviewed in Kanbargi [1991]) have confirmed that children begin to perform several activities useful to their families, and not to themselves, at a very young age, becoming more productive as they grow. Their activities, mostly depending on their age and/or the society in which they are living may include assisting in the household chores (such as cleaning, washing and cooking), fetching water, fodder and fire-wood, fishing, or tending livestock. (1) It includes, in many cases, as Bales (2) asserts, assisting in household finance also. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated about 250 million children between the ages of five and fourteen assist their households in one way or the other in developing countries--at least 120 million on a full time basis; (3) 61% of these are in Asia, 32 percent in Africa, and 7 percent in Latin America. Academic Literature categorizes all such assistances as child labor. Child labor is a worldwide phenomenon. Its designation formerly applied to the practice of employing young children in factories, but now generally used to imply the employment of minor, especially in work that may interfere with their education or endanger their health. Generally, it is not the children who decide to start working instead of going to schools but there are, to be more specific, a host of other factors primarily related to their families or households that compel them to work. Children generally do not get paid for the work they have been put in by their families. In many western countries, including North America and some Europeans nations, the situation is different and children may receive pay for their work and are encouraged by their parents, and society, to work during their school vacations as a way toward making them independent and appreciative of the value of work and time. However, there is a great divide between these phenomena and the situation in which children, in many developing countries especially in Asia and Africa, are put to work as a source of family income instead of attending school and learning. It is these competing demands between full-time work and the physical and intellectual development of children that are at issue, especially in developing countries of South Asia. (4) Academic Literature on child labor may easily be viewed as a three prong investigation where the researchers are trying to (i) develop a definition, (ii) ascertain numerical magnitude, and (iii) develop causes and consequences of this type of labor. The literature on definitions is seen, primarily, as a dichotomy between child labor and adult labor or between legitimate child labor, often called child work, and the abhorred child labor, like bonded labor. Who should be called a child and who should not be? What should be categorized as labor and what should not be? Further, what amount, or type, of labor does a child engage in? These are some of the questions that have been attempted in order to conceptualize this type of labor. Generally, authors agreed that these definitions, more or less, depend upon local cultures and thus have different answers in different parts of the globe. Academic literature on numerical strength is available in the form of surveys conducted either at the state or at some NGO level. ILO and SIMPOC are very resourceful and vocal in this respect. They have developed exclusive survey designs, sampling schemes and exquisite training programs to conduct such surveys. Their websites are a good source of such material. Researchers who have rummaged causes and consequences of child labor in a society always talks in terms of adjectives like poverty, or household poverty at micro level, and literacy, or schooling. One may simplify the causes as poverty-child labor nexus while the effects as child labor-human capital nexus. In both the cases, household plays a critical role. Household decision making models, usually called bargaining models, tried to simultaneously explain decisions of consumption and child labor and, at times, also child schooling and fertility. …" @default.
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• W289644594 date "2009-09-22" @default.
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• W289644594 title "Child Labor Dynamics in Punjab" @default.
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