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- W2897540111 abstract "Previous studies have used speech variability as a measure of speech development; for instance, children reduce the variability in their formant frequencies as they grow, indicating increases in speech motor control. However, formant measurements in most of these studies are computed using variants of linear prediction coding (LPC), which is known to exhibit a bias towards the nearest harmonic of F0, especially at high F0 [Shadle et al. (2016). JASA. 139(2), 713–727]. The proportion of the reported formant variabilities that can be attributed to changes in F0 is still unknown; thus, the true variability in formant frequency is also unknown. Therefore, we used published values of formant and F0 variabilities for /a/ produced by children (age range: 4~19 + yrs), and, for each age group, we synthesized 1000 vowels with the same formants (F1~F3) fixed at the reported group means, but randomly varied F0 using a normal distribution (μ = F0 group mean, σ = F0 standard deviation (SD)). We then measured formants in those synthesized vowels using LPC; the SDs of the measured formants were considered to be the F0-biased formant variability (true formant SD = 0). A ratio of F0-biased SD to reported formant SD for each age group indicates how much of the reported formant variability can be explained by F0 changing in children’s speech. The results show, on average, that the purported formant variabilities in previous studies that can be explained by F0 bias are 82.2 % for F1, 31.1% for F2, and 17.4% for F3." @default.
- W2897540111 created "2018-10-26" @default.
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- W2897540111 date "2018-09-01" @default.
- W2897540111 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W2897540111 title "How much formant variability in linear prediction-based measurements can be explained by F0 variability?" @default.
- W2897540111 doi "https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5068350" @default.
- W2897540111 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
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