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• W2897766408 abstract "Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes devoid of antigen-specific receptors that reside in all organs where they provide an immediate cytokine response that limits pathogen invasion and influences subsequent responses by antigen-specific lymphocytes. ILCs are subdivided into three groups based on the cytokines they produce, their transcriptome profiles, and the master transcription factors that underlie their identity: T-bet-driven ILC1s produce IFN-γ; high levels of GATA3 engender ILC2s that secrete type 2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13; and RORγt elicits ILC3s, which produce IL-17 and IL-22. Given the striking resemblance of these groups to TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells, ILCs are often viewed as the innate counterparts of CD4 T-helper cells. Like ILC1s, natural killer (NK) cells produce IFN-γ, but they are also cytotoxic and are therefore considered the innate equivalents of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Mirroring their T-cell counterparts, ILCs originate from a common lymphoid progenitor and require the common gamma chain-dependent cytokines IL-7 (ILC2s, ILC3s) and IL-15 (ILC1s, NK cells), but do not rely on recombination activating genes for development. Since the identification of ILCs and characterization of their fundamental features, ILC research has rapidly developed in multiple directions, revealing multifaceted biology. Although ILCs strikingly resemble T cells, there is increasing evidence that ILCs and T cells are not redundant in immune responses. The timing and magnitude of ILC and primary T-cell responses to pathogens have been found to be quite different. Beyond host defense, recent studies have shown that ILCs establish complex interactions with tissue components such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, the peripheral nervous system, and the endocrine system, and hence are involved in tissue development, homeostasis, and metabolism (Figure 1). Surface and intracellular receptors have been identified that endow ILCs with the ability to distinguish between normal and pathogenic stimuli, interact with other cells, and calibrate their cytokine secretion accordingly. In concert with the expansion of ILC functions, the phenotypic diversity of ILCs is also becoming increasingly complex: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s have a certain degree of functional plasticity; moreover, the distinction between ILC1s and NK cells remains blurred because of a substantial functional and phenotypic overlap between them. However, great progress has been made in understanding the complex molecular regulation of ILC development and function through the identification of ILC-specific transcription factors and regulatory elements. In this issue of Immunological Reviews dedicated to ILCs, we include comprehensive reviews of ILC biology that detail their development and functions in host defense as well as reviews centered on emerging topics. In an extensive and comprehensive review, Belz et al1 explicate the development of ILCs from their earliest progenitors in depth and appraise the factors that influence their fate. Moreover, they examine the impact of all ILC groups in immune homeostasis and long-term immune protection. Other reviews focus on specific ILC subsets. Sun et al2 dissect ILC1s and discuss their role in viral infections, particularly the spatially and temporally distinct roles of NK cells and ILC1s that are required to achieve optimal viral control. Several reviews specifically focus on ILC2s. Koyasu et al3 provide a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of regulators that activate, costimulate, suppress, and/or induce transdifferentiation of ILC2s, including lipid mediators, neuropeptides, sex hormones, nutrients, and cytokines. Kuchroo et al4 consider how ILC2 activation is regulated by transcription factors and metabolic pathways as well as cytokines, lipid mediators, hormones, and neuropeptides. Importantly, they highlight ILC2 heterogeneity as revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing in different tissues in response to various stimuli. Spits et al5 focus on the diversity of ILC2s and emphasize their plasticity in response cytokines and chemokines produced by either antigen-presenting cells or epithelial cells. Moreover, they describe conditions under which ILC2s acquire a memory function. An emerging topic in ILC biology is the impact of ILCs in basic developmental and homeostatic processes within tissues. Diefenbach et al6 evaluate the roles of ILCs in tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, growth, and regeneration, with emphasis on how ILCs contribute to tolerance vs disease. Romagnani et al7 focus specifically on the impact of ILCs in the lung and delineate the mechanisms by which pulmonary ILCs can protect against viral, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections. Another relatively new topic in ILC biology is the interaction between ILCs and the neuroendocrine system. Ugolini et al8 delve into how ILCs are regulated by the peripheral nervous system through neurotransmitters and neuropeptides as well as by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axis under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. An important theme reviewed by Sonnenberg et al9 is the role of metabolic factors in modulating the bioenergetic pathways that drive ILC functions. As each ILC subset employs a unique combination of metabolic pathways, further investigation may guide the development of subset-specific ILC therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have also focused on the regulation of gene expression programs of ILC subsets. Sciume et al10 explain how JAK/STAT signaling pathways affect ILC development and function by regulating gene expression and highlight the potential for targeting this pathway in inflammatory pathologies. Finally, Germain et al11 present a provocative review in which they challenge two fundamental concepts in ILC biology. First, they propose that ILCs are not exclusively tissue resident cells, based on the observation that, under inflammatory conditions, ILC2s can be mobilized from the gut and contribute to distal immunity in the lungs. Second, they propose that ILC3s and TH17 are not simply innate and adaptive versions of the same functional module because gut-resident ILC3s play a critical role in the control of metabolic homeostasis, whereas TH17 specializes in inflammatory responses. Overall, these reviews offer a comprehensive synthesis of ILC biology as well as an update on developing areas of the field, which will help the readers grasp both basic and nascent concepts of this rapidly evolving area of immunology. I would like to thank Susan Gilfillan for helpful suggestions. This work is supported by the US National Institutes of Health (UO1 AI095542, RO1 DE025884, R01 AI134236, and RO1 DK103039) None." @default.
• W2897766408 created "2018-10-26" @default.
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• W2897766408 date "2018-10-07" @default.
• W2897766408 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2897766408 title "Introduction: Basic and emerging concepts in ILC biology" @default.
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• W2897766408 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12711" @default.
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