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• W2899132095 abstract "Lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs) have now reached a level of maturity in terms ofresearch, understanding and commercialization. However the usable capacities andenergy densities of commercial LIBs are not sufficient to meet the ultrahigh specificenergy requirements of next-generation electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid electricvehicles. Among the various high energy density alternatives to LIBs, Li-sulfur (LiS)and Li-selenium (Li-Se) battery technologies are attractive due to the severaladvantages they have over LIBs. The theoretical gravimetric and volumetriccapacities of S (1672 mAh g-1and 3277 mAh cm-3) and Se (678 mAh g-1and 3240mAh cm-3) are exceptionally high and so are their energy densities (S and Se: 2600and 1500 Wh kg-1). While S is cheap, abundant and environmentally benign, Se ischaracterized by a high electrical conductivity, thus rendering them suitable ascathodes for Li-S and Li-Se batteries. The major challenge, however, in both Li-S andLi-Se batteries is the capacity fade: (1) caused by the dissolution and shuttle ofpolysulfides and polyselenides formed during discharge, and (2) due to the volumeexpansion that S and Se experience upon Li2S and Li2Se formation, that results in detetheringof the active materials from the current collectors. Besides these issues, S isinsulating which makes electron movement across the cathode cross-section difficult,thus reducing rate capability.In this thesis, the above-described challenges have been addressed to some extentby (a) the use of novel approaches and (b) composites of S and Se, which had not beenreported till date. Sulfur composites were prepared with (a) graphite nanoplatelets(GNPs) by using a combination of in-situ and ex-situ methods wherein the GNPsserved as a scaffold for tethering the nano-sulfur (nano-S) particles and (b) withfunctionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTols) and coated with apoly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) (PEDOP). The Li-S/MWCNTols/PEDOP compositewith S loading of 70% retained a capacity of 624 mAh gsulfur-1after 200 chargedischargecycles, with a Coulombic efficiency of 98.7%. Similarly, Li-Se cells werestudied, where hybrids/composites of Se with (a) graphite platelets nanofibers(GPNFs), (b) cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) decorated MWCNTs, (c)alkali activated carbon (AAC, derived from rice husk), and (d) conical carbon viinanofibers (CCNFs), were used as cathodes. In the Li-Se/AAC cell, a tungsten oxide(WO3) interlayer was also implemented to enhance the cycling stability and the Liionstorage capacity of the cell. While the WO3 layer conducts Li-ions, itsimultaneously blocks the diffusion of dissolved polyselenides (Li2Sen), therebyreducing the capacity fade upon long-term cycling. Similarly, in the Li-Se/CCNFscell, a poly(carbazole) (PCZ) layer was applied at the cathode to restrict the activematerial loss via the Li2Sen (n  3) dissolution and crossover. In all of the above theLi-S and Li-Se cells, while carbon nanomaterials by the virtue of their high electricalconductivity, effective surface area and open morphologies improve active materialutilization, enable higher S and Se loadings, and confine the Li2Sn or Li2Sen speciesat the cathode to a good extent, further modification on the cell architecture (use ofconducting polymer or WO3 layer), increases the cycle life, rate capability andcapacity of the cells. Through elaborate structural and electrochemical studies, thisthesis mainly focuses on the synthesis of Se and S based materials and mechanismsto address to some extent, the present limitations of the Li-S and Li-Se batteries." @default.
• W2899132095 created "2018-11-09" @default.
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• W2899132095 date "2018-01-01" @default.
• W2899132095 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2899132095 title "Sulfur and Selenium Composites as Cathodes for HighPerformance Rechargeable Li-S and Li-Se Batteries" @default.
• W2899132095 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
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