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• W2900575908 abstract "Nowadays, many cities face increasing traffic demand and in conclusion, traffic congestion often becomes chronic and traffic accidents accumulate. One of the main instruments tocontrol the traffic in the road network are traffic signals and they are established to cope withthese problems. However, traffic signals are subject to changing requirements and conflicts ofgoals. In addition, questions arise regarding the establishment of a quality managementsystem following the example of manufacturing and service processes. In this context, thethesis compares the principles of quality management for traffic signals between Japan andGermany in a comprehensive way.In the beginning, the thesis explains the vocabulary of the quality management, which has tobe assigned to traffic signals. The European Standard DIN ISO EN 9000:2000 primarilydistinguishes the terms ‘process’ and ‘product’. Hence, traffic signals also have to beexamined in respect of the process-related and product-related quality. Former emphasisescharacteristics of development processes and operating safety as well as aspects of economicefficiency and compatibility to the environment of the used means. Thus, the process-relatedquality refers to the system ‘traffic signal’ as a technical device, whose planning andoperation incorporates various actors, boundary conditions and processes. In contrast, theproduct-related quality refers to the traffic control, which is realised by the supplier. Thepurpose of the traffic control with traffic signals is to indicate the right behaviour for the roaduser when approaching a signalised junction.In Germany, the present investigations in this field uncovered some existing approaches toquality management for traffic signals, such as the accident committee or the safety audit forroads. Despite these approaches, there is no cohesive quality management, which meets therequirements and recommended procedures of the European Standard, but it could benecessary in the future, e.g. if the trend leads to privatised traffic signals. Therefore, someresearchers began to describe traffic signal elements in detail to find out the range a qualitymanagement system has to cover. They also started to develop a knowledge base, whichincludes both traffic safety and traffic flow aspects and helps to find appropriatecountermeasures for single junctions.The second part of the thesis introduces the organisational boundary conditions in Japan,which are influenced by responsibilities of different authorities and organisations. Thegovernment, the National Police Agency and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport represent the authorities, which have the power to enact laws, guidelines andstandards concerning the establishment and operation of traffic signals. In addition, someorganisations take part in the process of analysing traffic data and developing as well asevaluating appropriate countermeasures. Regarding traffic safety, the Institute for TrafficAccident Research and Data Analysis plays an important role. Their researches conduct indepthinvestigations in order to reconstruct and simulate the course of events of trafficaccidents and to form a comprehensive basis for the development of countermeasures. Inrespect of the effectiveness of traffic flow, the Universal Traffic Management Society ofJapan is the most meaningful organisation in Japan. They develop a wide range ofcountermeasures to alleviate traffic congestion and to ensure traffic safety. Therefore, itdevelops, establishes and evaluates systems, which apply infrared beacons and other state-ofthe-art vehicle detectors representing the key infrastructure of the Universal TrafficManagement Systems.The second part also gives an overview of the Japanese road network data and the variety andnumber of the traffic safety facilities as well as the technical equipment, which is installed atthe roadside.The third part of the thesis is dedicated to the description of quality criteria. The qualitycriteria are primarily assigned to traffic safety and traffic flow. Regarding traffic safety, Japanand Germany do not have appreciable differences in the application of quality criteria.Common quality criteria are the number of fatalities, casualties and injuries, parametersdescribing the road environment (including traffic signals and signal controls) and parametersof drivers and vehicles. In respect of parameters of traffic flow, Japanese authorities preferqueue length, traffic volume, speed and occupancy, while the delay is the most importantparameter to assign levels of quality in Germany. In contrast, the delay is only used forcapacity analyses and the process of designing traffic facilities in Japan, but not for theassessment of the current effectiveness of traffic flow. In addition, the Universal TrafficManagement Society of Japan emphasises a third field of quality criteria, namely theenvironmental impacts of pollution caused by road traffic.In consequence, the choice of quality criteria has various influences on the strategic planningand the development of countermeasures. Some examples of the application of these qualitycriteria are to give an own phase to pedestrians at junctions with high accident risk, to adjustsignal controls with regard to an aging traffic society, to establish green waves duringcommuter traffic peak hours, to optimise the junction design and to prioritise the publictransportation.The existing principles of quality management for traffic signals are examined in the fourthpart. Starting with principles regarding traffic safety aspects, the procedures such as trafficaccident data collection, data analysis, development of countermeasures, evaluation anddocumentation are discussed. These procedures are supported by two traffic accidentdatabases: the ‘comprehensive database on traffic accidents’ and the ‘micro investigationdatabase’. The data collection, analysis and also the documentation of these database-relatedprocesses are standardised by the National Police Agency and the Institute for TrafficAccident Research and Data Analysis. Therefore, the development of countermeasures has acomprehensive fundament to build on and traffic safety facilities can be improved andoptimised in an appropriate manner. In addition, the ‘Manual on countermeasures forintersection accidents’ contributes helpful information how to find black spots (accidentaccumulations) and how to derive adequate countermeasures to eliminate the causes of blackspots. Although the manual mentioned above is not mandatory in Japan, it holds a largepotential for a standardised traffic accident analysis regarding e.g. local police headquarters asoperator of a traffic control centre. Finally, the section dealing with traffic safety aspectsshows an example of a ‘before-after’ evaluation, which assessed the benefit of installing orupgrading traffic safety facilities between 1992 and 1996.Afterwards, the principles regarding traffic flow aspects are examined. The procedure of thetraffic control centre operators and local police headquarters concerning data collection, dataanalysis, development of countermeasures, evaluation and documentation are investigated.The application of state-of-the-art technical equipment to reduce traffic congestion also takesa centre stage. Two recent examples (‘MODERATO’ as a new traffic control system and‘Smooth Tokyo 21’ dealing with illegally parked vehicles at junctions) show the possibilitiesof the two-way communication, which is the key infrastructure of the latest developments. Inthis context, the high degree of standardisation of the technical infrastructure is described,also regarding maintenance aspects. In addition, the influence and development of acomplaint management is explained in this section.In the next step, the role of the Universal Traffic Management Systems is examined in respectof being a part of a quality management system. One important quality aspect is the definitionof objective fields and services, which had been developed regarding the requirements anddefects of the present traffic situation. Many efforts have been undertaken later to developstandards for technical equipment and they were suggested to the National Police Agency.Nevertheless, the Universal Traffic Management Systems do not cover a cohesive qualitymanagement system and merely emphasise vehicle traffic and pedestrians, latter in trafficsafety aspects above all.Finally, the quality management approach is described for aspects of environmental impactscaused by pollution, which is a single treated topic in Japan in contrast to Germany. TheEnvironment Protection Management System aims to reduce the pollution level by adjustingthe signal control and by displaying pollution information to the road users.The last part of the thesis summarises the strengths and weaknesses of the principles ofquality management for traffic signals in Japan. It shows that the term ‘quality management’is often not incorporated by Japanese engineers in discussions about traffic safety andeffectiveness of traffic flow.In conclusion, some potential for the German progress regarding quality management fortraffic signals is derived from the Japanese procedures. The main suggestions, which can beseized, belong to the effectiveness of a modern technical infrastructure and to theestablishment of environmental impacts as an own field of quality. It can be assumed thatquality management for traffic signals does not only lead to a reduction of traffic accidentsand traffic congestion, but also to economical benefits for the whole country. Hence, trafficsignals have to be seen as an important component of the key technology 'traffic'." @default.
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• W2900575908 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W2900575908 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2900575908 title "Principles of Quality Management for Traffic Signals in Japan" @default.
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