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• W290266813 abstract "I. INTRODUCTIONAn impoverished man is sick, unable to work, and in desperate need of a doctor. Although a Japanese law mandates that everyone carry health insurance, the man cannot afford the government premiums, and the public official who operates the insurance program refuses to reduce or exempt the premium levels for anyone in a constant state of poverty. The man's indigence and the official's actions prevent the man from complying with the law; he looks to the Constitution for help. A provision guarantees everyone the right to a minimum standard of living, yet the judiciary denies such claims even when the State actively prevents individuals from obtaining that constitutionally guaranteed right.Article 25 of the Showa Constitution, Japan's constitution since 1946, states, (1) All people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living [Minimum Standards Clause]. (2) In all spheres of life, the State shall use its endeavors for the promotion and extension of social welfare and security, and of public health [Promotions Clause].1 Despite this constitutional protection, the State prevents people from maintaining a minimum standard of living, and individuals are left without recourse.Constitutional scholars have found it useful to divide rights into negative rights and positive rights.2 Negative rights usually prohibit the government from interfering with a freedom3 and are more common in liberal, pre-World War II constitutions.4 Negative rights are almost always concrete because if the State violates the right, the courts will grant individual relief.5 Positive on the other hand, require the government to provide certain things and are common among post-World War II constitutions.6 Often referred to as aspirational rights, positive rights usually convey affirmative benefits and protections.7Courts can interpret rights as either concrete rights or programmatic declarations. A concrete right enables a citizen to sue if the State denies him or her that right.8 However, a programmatic declaration only guides the legislature, directing it to pass legislation that promotes the right.9 Programmatic declarations provide no mechanism for citizens to seek judicial relief if the government fails to provide or enforce the right.This Comment argues that the Supreme Court of Japan should recognize and apply the concrete, negative right10 within Article 25 in its ruling, enabling the individual to bring a claim against the government. Article 25 is currently understood to be a programmatic declaration, which merely directs the legislature to pass certain programs (such as social welfare programs), and a concrete right that provides a justiciably enforceable claim. As a concrete, negative right, Article 25 allows an individual to bring a claim against the State for infringing upon a right. A positive right mandates the government act (i.e. provide certain benefits) whereas a negative right prohibits the government from acting in a certain way.11 The State can violate Article 25's concrete, negative right in three ways: 1) the Diet could pass a law that prevents individuals from maintaining a minimum standard of living, 2) the executive could prevent individuals from maintaining a minimum standard of living (independent of any statute), and 3) the executive could enforce a law so that it infringes upon one's ability to maintain a minimum standard of living.Part II of this Comment demonstrates that although the constitutional framers drafted Article 25 as an enforceable right, the Supreme Court of Japan has interpreted it as only a programmatic declaration. Part III argues that Article 25 provides both a positive and a negative right, but the negative right makes the provision enforceable, enabling an individual to bring a claim. Part IV explains how the Court has failed to engage in any negative-rights analysis in its Article 25 opinions. Part V shows how the Court's misinterpretation of Article 25 conflicts with Japan's obligations under international law. …" @default.
• W290266813 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W290266813 date "2008-06-01" @default.
• W290266813 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W290266813 title "As a Negative Right, Article 25 Can Have a Positive Effect Combating Japan's Poverty" @default.
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