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• W29042516 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION II. A HISTORY OF FRENCH SPACE LEGISLATION III. PRE-2008 FRENCH REGULATION OF SPACE IV. POST-2008 FRENCH REGULATION OF SPACE A. Jurisdiction and Authority B. Liability and Indemnification V. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Although France was last state in Europe to adopt a national space act, (1) it is by no means least spacefaring nation of Europe. Indeed, it is often referred to--rightly so--as a major launching state. (2) France has a major space launching facility in its territory: Guyane Space Center (GSC) used by a commercial space workhorse, Arianespace. (3) The Ariane 5 fleet is European Space Agency's (ESA) heavy launcher, and although it is launched six to seven times a year, only one or two of those launches are for institutional purposes. (4) In other words, Ariane 5 is usually used commercially. France is also host to ESA headquarters (located in Paris). (5) Furthermore, France continues to have a large and growing space (6) It is therefore unsurprising that space legislation has existed in France since early 1960's, albeit not in form of a uniform space act. France's significant ongoing involvement in private space activities makes it a significant player in increasingly commercialized space industry. II. A HISTORY OF FRENCH SPACE LEGISLATION On December 19, 1961, France created Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (National Center for Space Studies) (CNES). (7) The CNES was created to be: (1) a public scientific and technical institution; (2) of an industrial and commercial nature; (3) having financial autonomy; and (4) placed under authority of Prime Minister. (8) The CNES website proudly announces that as of October 29, 2013, the agency's more-than 2,400-strong workforce constitutes an exceptional pool of talent, with some 1,800 engineers and executives, 35% of whom are women. (9) The CNES's duties are to (1) collect information on national and international space activities, (2) prepare and propose to Interministerial Committee for Scientific and Technical research programs of national interest in space, (3) ensure execution of such research projects, either in its own laboratories and technical institutions or using private or public institutions or by financial participation, (4) follow, along with Minister of Foreign Affairs, problems of international cooperation, and (5) ensure, either directly or indirectly, publication of scientific work regarding problems related to space. (10) These duties are consistent with CNES's announced goal of being a public scientific research institution rather than an administrative and regulatory one. (11) And, as we will see, even in context of licensing and authorization, CNES largely maintains its role as a technical and scientific advisory institution. On July 19, 1989, French legislature created Space Committee. (12) The Space Committee was placed under co-leadership of Minister of Defense and Minister of Industries. (13) Its goals are to (1) analyze civil and military space plans, (2) examine effect of space programs on French and European industries, (3) prepare France's position statements regarding international space collaboration, and (4) recommend any necessary action to Prime Minister. (14) The Space Committee meets twice a year and its secretariat is provided by CNES. (15) Finally, on June 3, 2008, France issued Loi relative aux operations spatiales (French Space Operations Act) (FSOA),16 which was--as stated previously--the first uniform law of its kind in France, and last adopted by a European country to date. (17) According to head of CNES legal department, FSOA establishes a coherent national framework reflecting France's international obligations: Basically, French Space Operations Act establishes a coherent national legal framework which sets forth an authorisation and monitoring regime for Space operations carried out under French jurisdiction and]or for which French Government bears international liability either under UN Treaties (namely 1967 Outer Space Treaty, 1972 Liability Convention and 1976 Registration Convention) or under its European commitments with ESA and its Member States. …" @default.
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• W29042516 title "French National Space Legislation: A Brief Parcours of a Long History" @default.
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