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• W2904383992 abstract "Psoriasis is a disease with systemic inflammation and accompanied by multiple comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome and obesity (Hwang et al., 2017Hwang S.T. Nijsten T. Elder J.T. Recent highlights in psoriasis research.J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137: 550-556Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar, Tsai et al., 2017Tsai T.F. Lee C.H. Huang Y.H. Chi C.C. Chang Y.T. Wong T.W. et al.Taiwanese Dermatological Association consensus statement on management of psoriasis.Dermatol Sin. 2017; 35: 66-77Crossref Scopus (22) Google Scholar, Yu et al., 2017Yu S. Tu H.P. Yu C.L. Lee C.H. Hong C.H. Is psoriasis an independent risk factor of renal disease? A nationwide retrospective cohort study from 1996 to 2010.Dermatol Sin. 2017; 35: 78-84Crossref Scopus (29) Google Scholar). Obesity is often observed in patients with psoriasis and may precede development of psoriasis (Debbaneh et al., 2014Debbaneh M. Millsop J.W. Bhatia B.K. Koo J. Liao W. Diet and psoriasis, part i: impact of weight loss interventions.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014; 71: 133-140Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar). Western diet (WD) plays a crucial role in the development of obesity in Western countries and is characterized by elevated amounts of fat and sugars, especially simple sugars such as sucrose (Jena et al., 2017Jena P.K. Sheng L. Liu H.X. Kalanetra K.M. Mirsoian A. Murphy W.J. et al.Western diet-induced dysbiosis in farnesoid X receptor knockout mice causes persistent hepatic inflammation after antibiotic treatment.Am J Pathol. 2017; 187: 1800-1813Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar). Recent research has revealed that, in a murine model, WD triggers systemic inflammation via the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β (Christ et al., 2018Christ A. Gunther P. Lauterbach M.A.R. Duewell P. Biswas D. Pelka K. et al.Western diet triggers NLRP3-dependent innate immune reprogramming.Cell. 2018; 172: 162-75 e14Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (498) Google Scholar). On the other hand, a high-fat diet (HFD) without excessive sugars is often used to establish murine models of obesity. Herein, we established two models of obesity by feeding mice with a WD or HFD. The WD is not only rich in fat but also has a high sucrose content, replicating the type of diet in the Western world that contributes to obesity. The HFD obtains 60% of calories from fat and has a sucrose content that is similar to regular mouse chow. We compared these two kinds of diet-induced obese mice with lean mice on control diets in terms of susceptibility to imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasiform dermatitis (PsD). Animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Davis. Of interest, mice on HFD gained more weight than mice on WD by week 7 of feeding and sustained this increased body mass over the course of the experiment (Figure 1a, b ). The measurement of ear thickness change following exposure to topical IMQ (Cochez et al., 2017Cochez P.M. Michiels C. Hendrickx E. Dauguet N. Warnier G. Renauld J.C. et al.Ccr6 is dispensable for the development of skin lesions induced by imiquimod despite its effect on epidermal homing of IL-22-producing cells.J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137: 1094-1103Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, Yu et al., 2019Yu S. Wu X. Zhou Y. Han D. Anderson L.S. Simon S.I. et al.Is CCR6 required for the development of psoriasiform dermatitis in mice?.J Invest Dermatol. 2019; 139: 485-488Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (8) Google Scholar) or intradermal IL-23 (Mabuchi et al., 2011Mabuchi T. Takekoshi T. Hwang S.T. Epidermal CCR6+ gammadelta T cells are major producers of IL-22 and IL-17 in a murine model of psoriasiform dermatitis.J Immunol. 2011; 187: 5026-5031Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar) is a standard method to assess the extent of PsD. Although mice fed with HFD had the greatest weight gain, mice fed with WD for 12 or 16 weeks had significantly more ear thickness change than mice fed with control diet, HFD, and low-fat diet after a 5-day IMQ treatment course (P < 0.0001) (Figure 1c, d). There was no difference in ear thickness change between HFD- and low-fat diet–fed mice on day 5. Thus, mice on WD, but not HFD, had enhanced susceptibility to IMQ-induced PsD 3–4 months after sustained feeding, despite greater weight gain in HFD-fed mice. WD-fed mice showed consistently greater epidermal hyperplasia than the other three dietary groups (Figure 1e, f). Because neutrophils are a characteristic feature of psoriatic lesions and may play a key pathogenic role in psoriasis, we quantified neutrophil abscess formation as well as neutrophil chemoattractants in the four dietary groups. While there was no difference in Cxcl1 expression, WD-fed mice had higher expression of Cxcl2 than HFD-fed mice after 5-day IMQ treatment (Figure 1g, h). WD-fed mice had the highest expression level of neutrophil marker Ly6g mRNA and the highest density of Munro microabscess (Figure 1i, j). Consistent with reverse transcriptase PCR findings, more Gr-1(+) cells were observed in IMQ-treated WD-fed mice than other groups (Figure 1k, l). Expression levels of Ly6c mRNA were not different among four dietary groups, which indicates higher expression of Gr-1 in WD-fed mice results from higher expression of Ly6g but not Ly6c (Supplementary Figure 1 online). Therefore, compared to the other three dietary groups, WD-fed mice had increased epidermal hyperplasia in response to IMQ, as well enhanced expression of a neutrophil chemoattractant, which may explain the histologic appearance of IMQ-treated skin in the WD-fed mice. Our previous research has indicated CCR6+ T helper type 17 cells and γδ T cells secretes IL-17A in murine psoriasiform models (Mabuchi et al., 2013Mabuchi T. Singh T.P. Takekoshi T. Jia G.F. Wu X. Kao M.C. et al.CCR6 is required for epidermal trafficking of gammadelta-T cells in an IL-23-induced model of psoriasiform dermatitis.J Invest Dermatol. 2013; 133: 164-171Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar). Because IL-17A is a key mediator of neutrophilic inflammatory states, we postulated that IL-17A may help explain the enhanced neutrophilic infiltration observed in WD-fed mice after IMQ treatment. As anticipated, IMQ induced higher gene expression of Il-17a in all four dietary groups (Figure 2a ). To determine whether the different diets could alter baseline expression of inflammatory cytokines in skin, we next assessed their expression in vehicle-treated ears, which reflect expression of these cytokines in the absence of IMQ stimulation. Strikingly, WD induced a 45-fold increase of Il-17a compared with control diet, while HFD induced only a 20-fold increase (WD vs. HFD, P = 0.050). Gene expression levels of IL-22 and IL-23, both key psoriasis-related cytokines, were highly elevated in IMQ-treated skin of the various dietary groups as expected, but were not different in the vehicle-treated ears of HFD and WD mice compared to control counterparts (Figure 2b, c). Thus, WD mice show a specific trend toward elevated Il-17a, but not Il-22/23, in the skin, potentially explaining the enhanced reactivity to IMQ. Of note, WD-fed mice had the highest expression level of Nlrp3 and pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-1b genes among four dietary groups after a 5-day course of IMQ. As compared with HFD-fed mice, WD-fed mice had higher mRNA levels of Nlrp3 (P = 0.006; Figure 2d) and Il-1b (P = 0.020, Figure 2e) in IMQ-treated ears, while the expression of Tnf-a showed no difference (Figure 2f).Figure 2WD-fed mice have the highest baseline mRNA expression of Il-17a and, after IMQ 5-day course, have the highest mRNA expressions levels of Nlrp3 and Il-1b among the four dietary groups. (a) IMQ treatment induced higher expression levels of Il-17a in all four dietary groups. Then we examined baseline expression of Il-17a in vehicle-treated ears. WD induced a 45-fold increase of Il-17a compared with control diet, while HFD induced only 20-fold increase (WD vs. HFD, P = 0.050). (b, c) WD and HFD did not increase expression levels of Il-23 and Il-22 in both IMQ- and vehicle-treated ears. (d, e) After IMQ 5-day course, WD-fed mice had higher expression of Nlrp3 and Il-1b than HFD-fed mice. (f) There was no difference in the expression of Tnf-a among four dietary groups. CD, control diet; HFD, high-fat diet; IMQ, imiquimod; LFD, low-fat diet; NS, no statistical significance; WD, Western diet. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The mechanisms of how sugar exacerbates psoriasis are likely multifactorial. Reports suggest that WD triggers systemic inflammation via the NLRP3/IL-1β activation (Christ et al., 2018Christ A. Gunther P. Lauterbach M.A.R. Duewell P. Biswas D. Pelka K. et al.Western diet triggers NLRP3-dependent innate immune reprogramming.Cell. 2018; 172: 162-75 e14Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (498) Google Scholar), potentially with subsequent induction of neutrophil chemoattractants, such as CXCL1 (Amaral et al., 2012Amaral F.A. Costa V.V. Tavares L.D. Sachs D. Coelho F.M. Fagundes C.T. et al.NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neutrophil recruitment and hypernociception depend on leukotriene B(4) in a murine model of gout.Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64: 474-484Crossref PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar). Another possibility is that sugar intake could change gut and skin microbiota and modify the cutaneous immune microenvironment to potentiate skin to psoriasiform dermatitis. For example, one study shows that WD induces a shift in gut microbiota composition and enhances susceptibility to E. coli infection and intestinal inflammation (Agus et al., 2016Agus A. Denizot J. Thevenot J. Martinez-Medina M. Massier S. Sauvanet P. et al.Western diet induces a shift in microbiota composition enhancing susceptibility to adherent-invasive E. coli infection and intestinal inflammation.Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 19032Crossref PubMed Scopus (248) Google Scholar). Dietary components not only change gut microbiota, but influence cutaneous inflammation via the gut–skin axis (Maguire and Maguire, 2017Maguire M. Maguire G. The role of microbiota, and probiotics and prebiotics in skin health.Arch Dermatol Res. 2017; 309: 411-421Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar, O'Neill et al., 2016O'Neill C.A. Monteleone G. McLaughlin J.T. Paus R. The gut-skin axis in health and disease: a paradigm with therapeutic implications.Bioessays. 2016; 38: 1167-1176Crossref PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar). It is intriguing that CXCL2, but not CXCL1, is elevated in WD-fed mice. Although CXCL1 and CXCL2 do regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the same G protein–coupled receptor CXCR2 (Boro and Balaji, 2017Boro M. Balaji K.N. CXCL1 and CXCL2 regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation via G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR2.J Immunol. 2017; 199: 1660-1671Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar), the literature has indicated that CXCL1 and CXCL2 do not necessarily contribute equally (Ritzman et al., 2010Ritzman A.M. Hughes-Hanks J.M. Blaho V.A. Wax L.E. Mitchell W.J. Brown C.R. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 ligand KC (CXCL1) mediates neutrophil recruitment and is critical for development of experimental Lyme arthritis and carditis.Infect Immun. 2010; 78: 4593-4600Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar), suggesting that non-parallel induction of one or the other may occur in some situation. The fact that HFD-fed mice have more body weight gain but less inflammation in response to IMQ than WD-fed mice strongly suggests obesity alone is not sufficient to promote PsD in the skin. Intriguingly, a recent study indicated that a high-dietary-fat diet exacerbates psoriatic skin inflammation independent of obesity (Herbert et al., 2018Herbert D. Franz S. Popkova Y. Anderegg U. Schiller J. Schwede K. et al.High-fat diet exacerbates early psoriatic skin inflammation independent of obesity: saturated fatty acids as key players.J Invest Dermatol. 2018; 138: 1999-2009Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). Another study, using different chow recipes, also concluded that high dietary fats exacerbate IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice (Higashi et al., 2018Higashi Y. Yamakuchi M. Fukushige T. Ibusuki A. Hashiguchi T. Kanekura T. High-fat diet exacerbates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice.Exp Dermatol. 2018; 27: 178-184Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). Despite being termed high-fat diets by their authors, these two studies used diets that were not only rich in fat, but also had a high content of simple sugars, bearing considerable similarity to the WD used in our studies (Supplementary Table 1 online). Based on our findings and their results, we propose that dietary content, beyond just the ability to induce obesity, plays a crucial role in the predisposition to psoriasiform inflammation. In conclusion, it is a WD, but not a HFD alone, that predisposes mice to enhanced susceptibility to IMQ-induced PsD. Although we cannot say that higher than standard levels of fat in the WD are dispensable for increased PsD susceptibility, our data do suggest that sucrose/sugar content of the WD is a critical factor for the enhanced susceptibility to IMQ-mediated PsD. Sebastian Yu: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-458X Yan Zhou: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-8793 The authors state no conflict of interest. This study was supported by a National Psoriasis Foundation Discovery Grant to STH and supported by National Institute of Health funding number CA179582 to YYW. The work was performed in University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. We acknowledge Zhenrui Shi and Mindy Huynh for their technical assistance. Download .pdf (.07 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary Data" @default.
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• W2904383992 title "A Western Diet, but Not a High-Fat and Low-Sugar Diet, Predisposes Mice to Enhanced Susceptibility to Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasiform Dermatitis" @default.
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