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• W2904658009 abstract "The increasing focus of European organizations, such as the Council ofEurope (CoE) and the European Union (EU), on minority protection sincethe disintegration of Communist bloc countries has promoted a new political context and opportunity structure for minority-majority relations.As a forgotten issue throughout the Cold War, minority protection hastaken part in the political agenda of Europe. This is due to the widespreadmobilization of ethnic groups, particularly in the former Yugoslavia.Empowering minority groups by conferring their cultural and linguisticrights was/has been regarded a way to realize peace and stability in theethnically fragmented countries. Since then, most of the international andEuropean institutions have taken positive measures to improve the status ofminorities.As a major supranational institution, the EU is one these externalbodies promoting domestic changes in this policy-legal issue area. Itrequires candidate countries to demonstrate ‘stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for andprotection of minorities’, and it stipulates in the Treaty of Lisbon that‘respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging tominorities’ as one of the foundational value of the Union. That is why anyEuropean state has to respect these principles and be committed to promoting them to become a member of the Union. Hence, prospectivemembers must reach certain benchmarks in their treatment of minoritiesbefore they accede to membership. This strategy provided the EU with animportant instrument for having an impact on minority protection in thecandidate countries.Turkey is one applicant countries in which the leverage of the EU on itsminority policies is considerable. Until recently, Turkey prevented thearticulation of language and cultural rights for the Kurds. Non recognitionof Kurdish identity rights was among the most important considerationsin Turkey-EU relations. However, in the aftermath of the Helsinki EuropeanCouncil in 1999, Turkey has undertaken important steps with respect tominority rights in general, and the protection of minority rights within thecontext of the Kurdish question in particular. Turkey adopted several harmonization reforms, changing the official stance of Turkey on minorities.The main aim of this chapter is to explore the impact of the Europeanintegration process on the cultural and linguistic rights of the territoriallyconcentrated ethnic Kurdish minority. Two research questions are addressedin this chapter. The first is to what extent changing opportunities and constraints imposed by the EU’s general human rights policies has changed theinstitutional structure of Turkey to permit the expression of Kurdish claimsand demands. The second question is what the factors are that limit orfacilitate the impact of the EU.The basic argument of this chapter is that European support for humanrights has encouraged improvements in the state’s treatment of the Kurds inTurkey. But, this is not sufficient to realize a fully-fledged minority protection system for the Kurds. Without a total transformation of the politicalstructure that redefines majority-minority relations, it would not be possibleto achieve such a level of protection in Turkey. On the other hand, theopportunity structure created by the European integration, and emergingdomestic factors reestablishing the balance of power between the secularestablishment and conservative-liberal front led by the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, AKP), keeps the process of domestic change open for the adoption of norms for the protection of minorities.This chapter employs ‘Europeanization’ as theoretical framework. Theconcept is used to describe various change processes. It is deployed to referdifferent phenomena and processes of change, such as ‘changes in externalboundaries’, ‘developing institutions at the European level’, ‘central penetration of national systems of governance’, ‘exporting forms of politicalcooperation’, and ‘the political unification project’ (Olsen 2002). In a generalsense, Europeanization is defined as a ‘process by which domestic policyareas become increasingly subject to European policy making’ (Borzel 1999:571). What makes Europeanization a significant theoretical framework forunderstanding change is that it provides analytical tools to simultaneouslyunderstand international and domestic factors and their interactions.Methodologically, a comparative case study is employed. The impact ofthe EU on the situation of the Kurds between 1999-2005 and 2005-8 iscompared. The first period begins with the EU’s granting to Turkey of candidate status, and the second period commences with the inauguration ofaccession negotiations. These periods were chosen because the impetus forreform in them shows different variations. This chapter consists of threeparts. The first part discusses whether it is possible to deal with the Kurdishquestion on the basis of minority rights protection. The second part analyzesthe EU’s impact on legislative changes relating to the Kurdish issues, and theevolution of the approach of EU institutions towards the Kurdish issue.Lastly, the conditions determining the EU’s impact on the Kurdish issue intwo different time periods are compared." @default.
• W2904658009 created "2018-12-22" @default.
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• W2904658009 date "2013-09-23" @default.
• W2904658009 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2904658009 title "The impact of the EU on minority rights: The Kurds as a case" @default.
• W2904658009 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203796450-15" @default.
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