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• W2908586496 abstract "endosymbiont interactions with hosts have important effects on fitness including the fitness of many pest and beneficial species among these interactions facultative endosymbiotic bacteria can protect aphids from parasitoids aphis craccivora and acyrthosiphon pisum can harbor the symbiotic bacteria hamiltonella defensa and its bacteriophage apse infection by h defensa defends these aphids against some but not all parasitoid species in the hymenopteran family braconidae here we report results on the effect of h defensa on parasitism of these aphids by species in the other major lineage of aphid parasitoids aphelinus species in the family aphelinidae parasitism of aphids infected with h defensa apse by two aphelinus species did not differ from that of uninfected aphids while aphelinus atriplicis showed no difference in fitness components between infected and uninfected aphids aphelinus glycinis actually produced more adult progeny and larger female progeny on infected than on uninfected aphids aphelinus glycinis may increase host quality for itself by changing the titer of nutritional versus protective bacteria in such a way that aphids infected with h defensa can be made more suitable for parasitoid development than uninfected aphids our results and reasoning suggest that these aphelinus species may be less prone to harm by h defensa apse that affect eggs because they have anhydropic heavily chorionated eggs which may not absorb toxins during embryogenesis insect sources and rearing conditions aphelinus glycinis was collected in the peoples republic of china under a memorandum of understanding between their ministry of agriculture and the united states department of agriculture usda aphelinus atriplicis was collected by employees of the usda agricultural research service ars in the republic of georgia with the permission of that government the parasitoids were imported into the usda ars beneficial insect introductions research unit containment facility in newark delaware under permits from the usda animal and plant health inspection service permit numbers p526p 08 02142 and p526p 09 01929 no specific permissions were required to collect aphis craccivora or acyrthosiphon pisum because these are cosmopolitan aphids that occur in the field throughout north america none of the species collected or studied are endangered or protected aphis craccivora is a cosmopolitan pest of legumes and is anholocyclic i e reproduces asexually throughout most of its range blackman and eastop 2006 acyrthosiphon pisum is an almost cosmopolitan pest of legumes and is holocyclic i e alternates by asexual and sexual reproduction in temperature regions blackman and eastop 2006 aphis craccivora in these experiments were collected originally in kentucky usa in 2009 and ac pisum were collected in utah usa in 2007 the aphids were cultured on fava bean vicia faba l in 12 cm pots in plant growth chambers at 20 c and a 16l 8d h photoperiod isofemale lines were initiated from single female aphids on individual v fava plants lines from the original populations tested positive for infection with only h defensa using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis dgge analysis of pcr amplified fragments of 16s rrna and confirmed with diagnostic pcr russell et al 2013 apse type 3 was found in h defensa in ac pisum and apse type 4 was found in h defensa in ap craccivora aphid lines without h defensa were generated by a selective curing technique in which aphids were fed an artificial diet that was treated with equal parts of the antibiotics gentamycin defatoxiamine and ampicillin for 3 days after which the aphids were placed on v fava plants dykstra et al 2014 clearing of h defensa from offspring of aphids from these lines was confirmed by pcr russell et al 2013 cured ac1h and uncured lines ac1h from ap craccivora and cured as3h and uncured lines as3h from ac craccivora were used for the experiments reported here they were shipped to newark delaware usa in spring 2012 where they were maintained for 40 50 generations prior to these experiments both cured and uncured lines were tested using diagnostic pcr for the presence of h defensa and apse prior to assays aphelinus atriplicis was collected as mummified diuraphis noxia on wheat near tbilisi republic of georgia in 2000 a glycinis was collected as mummified aphis glycines matsumura hemiptera aphididae on soybean near xiuyan liaoning province peoples republic of china in 2007 aphelinus glycinis was described from the culture used in this study hopper et al 2012 a atriplicis was described by kurdjumov 1913 and the culture used in this study was included in a molecular phylogeny of species in the aphelinus varipes complex heraty et al 2007 cultures were established in the quarantine facility at the usda ars beneficial insect introductions research unit newark delaware usa the cultures were divided into 4 6 subcultures and each subculture was maintained with an adult population size greater than 200 and sex ratio of 1 1 males females aphelinus atriplicis was reared on d noxia on barley hordeum vulgare l poaceae aphelinus glycinis was reared on aphis glycines on soybean glycine max l fabaceae the culture of d noxia was started in 1998 with aphids from southeastern wyoming and the culture of a glycines was started in 2008 with aphids from newark delaware neither d noxia nor a glycines are known to harbor h defensa and diagnostic pcr assays confirmed the absence of h defensa in our colonies of these species although a glycines harbors another bacterium arsenophonus this secondary symbiont apparently does not protect against parasitoids wulff et al 2013 all cultures were reared on appropriate host plant species in plant growth chambers at 20 c 50 70 relative humidity 16 8 h l d photoperiod vouchers are maintained at 20 c in molecular grade ethanol at the beneficial insect introduction research unit newark delaware usa parasitism and parasitoid fitness on aphids infected with hamiltonella defensa versus uninfected aphids to measure the effect of infection with h defensa harboring apse on parasitism of ap craccivora and ac craccivora as well as on parasitoid fitness components we exposed individual mated females of aphelinus atriplicis or aphelinus glycinis that were less than 5 days old to either aphids infected with h defensa or uninfected aphids on v faba variety windsor females were drawn at random from the replicated sub populations used for rearing seeds were planted in 12 cm diameter x 12 cm tall pots with the same soil mix and fertilizer used for insect rearing and plants and insects were kept under the same conditions as described for insect rearing prior to use in experiments we put each female parasitoid in a cage polystyrene 10 cm diameter by 22 cm tall with eight 2 5 cm holes in the sides and a 12 cm hole in the top covered with fine mesh screening enclosing the foliage of 2 3 young fava bean plants in a pot with about 100 aphids including 1 4 instar nymphs and adults the aphids were transferred as colonies on excised leaves from our rearing cultures and the excised leaves were placed on the experimental plants to allow the aphids to settle and feed two days before the parasitoids were added female parasitoids were removed after 7 days aphelinus females rarely superparasitize unless they are host limited bai and mackauer 1990 hagen and vandenbosch 1968 their lifetime fecundities are 100 300 and given that we exposed them to 100 aphids at the beginning of the experiments and the aphids would produce more than 2000 progeny during the 7 day exposure there were far more aphids than they could parasitize during this period so the likelihood of superparasitism is quite low the density of aphids amount of plant material and cage size meant that parasitoids were not limited by search rate aphids parasitized by these aphelinus species mummify about 7 days after being parasitized and adult parasitoids emerge 10 days after mummification to ensure that aphids parasitized throughout the exposure period had time to mummify but would not yet have emerged as adults we collected mummified aphids 7 days after the end of the exposure of aphids to parasitoids and held them for adult parasitoid emergence after the adults emerged we recorded the number of mummified aphids the number of mummies from which adults emerged and the number and sex of adult parasitoids we dried the adult progeny of each female at 50 c for one hour and weighed the sexes separately on a microbalance because we scored parasitism after the larval parasitoids killed and mummified their hosts which occurs during the parasitoid third instar this measure of parasitism is a combination of acceptance of aphids for oviposition and suitability of aphids for parasitoid survival to third instar design structure the experiments on parasitism of each aphid species by each wasp species were designed as randomized complete blocks blocks location within rearing chamber was the blocking factor and each cage with a female parasitoid aphids and plants was an experimental unit there were 48 experimental units each for aphelinus glycinis on ap craccivora and aphelinus atriplicis on ap craccivora and on ac pisum 24 each for hamiltonella infected versus uninfected aphids" @default.
• W2908586496 created "2019-01-25" @default.
• W2908586496 date "2018-01-01" @default.
• W2908586496 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2908586496 title "Data from: Defensive aphid symbiont Hamiltonella defensa effects on Aphelinus glycinis and Aphelinus atriplicis" @default.
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