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• W290996984 abstract "For my part, I feel that with regard to Nature I live a sort of border life, on the confines of a world into which I make occasional and transient forays only, and my patriotism and allegiance to the State into whose territories I seem to retreat are those of a moss-trooper. (Thoreau, Walking 659) ********** This essay is about narratives of the environment and their relation to dynamics of class in Cape Cod, a posthumously-published series of essays based on observations Henry David Thoreau made during three walking tours of the Cape he undertook between 1849 and 1855. While less familiar to most readers than Walden or A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Cape Cod is no less deserving of attention, especially for what it can tell us about his meditations on the linkage of and social environments--the latter, for my purposes, defined specifically in terms of the class tensions associated with Irish immigration to New England. (1) My readings of Cape Cod draw from recent work in the fields of border theory and environmental literary criticism to shed light on a crucial recursive element of Thoreau's approach to environmental narrative--one that has the uncanny effect of naturalizing the maintenance of class boundaries and hierarchies while obscuring their status as social constructs. By recursive, I mean that his narratives of the Cape's border spaces refer back to themselves--back to the environment, in other words--as a source for natural truths or justifications regarding who gets to cross the border and what the material conditions of their lives will be. Thoreau presents the ocean and shoreline as precarious contact zones through which not all immigrants are fated to pass successfully. Those that do, we are given to understand, will enjoy little chance of socio-economic advancement. They may become citizens, but their political status is not likely to result in material gains or class mobility. The border spaces of the Cape perform a policing function that, because natural, needs no external justification and in fact would be undermined if such justification were provided. To put this another way, as a border text, Cape Cod imbricates concepts of environment and class in a manner that reveals Thoreau's broader fascination with the connection between nature and and, more specifically, how this relation manifests itself in the class struggles of the Irish. He uses narratives of environment to probe and define the possibilities for Irish immigrants to the United States for political, cultural, and material mobility--that is, their capacity to move within and through border spaces in order to achieve citizenship and acculturation as well as the extent to which such political and cultural gains will, in turn, result in any meaningful socioeconomic advancement. As Jose David Saldivar argues, among the many things border theory invites critics to do is re-examine the relation between 'people with culture and between culture (17). Thoreau relies on different narratives of environment to mediate and define the relation between people with (himself, his fellow native New Englanders) and the Irish who exist between cultures. Thoreau not only maps the physical landscape and borders of Cape Cod, but also does so in a way that simultaneously materializes the boundaries between classes. (2) The raw materials that eventually became Cape Cod were first presented publicly in January of 1850 as part of a lecture series Thoreau gave at the Concord Lyceum. The lectures enjoyed some modest success--enough apparently that he felt encouraged to speak on several more occasions in other Massachusetts towns including South Danvers, Newburyport, and Clinton; on one occasion, he even ventured as far north as Portland, Maine. Concord gave him the most enthusiastic response, while reviews from other venues were mixed. Still, the overall reception of the lectures was positive enough that Thoreau ended up revising them for publication, and several eventually appeared as articles in Putnam's Monthly. …" @default.
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• W290996984 date "2008-09-01" @default.
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• W290996984 title "Drowning the Irish: Natural Borders and Class Boundaries in Henry David Thoreau's Cape Cod" @default.
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