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• W2910222608 abstract "Computational models incorporating different spatial and temporal scales are an important tool in unraveling the complex patterning processes underlying root growth and development. Models have succeeded in unraveling the mechanisms underlying the root-tip auxin gradient that patterns root meristems. At the same time, they have highlighted how a lack in knowledge currently prohibits a complete understanding of the antagonistic cytokinin domain in the control of elongation and differentiation. Incorporating cell growth, division, and expansion into models is of crucial importance. First, by inducing dilution and displacement of signaling molecules, growth dynamics feeds back on the patterning network that controls it. In addition, explicitly considering that individual cells traverse the different root zones is likely to reveal important clues to root growth patterning. Computational models are invaluable tools for understanding the hormonal and genetic control of root development. Thus far, models have focused on the crucial roles that auxin transport and metabolism play in determining the auxin signaling gradient that controls the root meristem. Other hormones such as cytokinins, gibberellins, and ethylene have predominantly been considered as modulators of auxin dynamics, but their underlying patterning mechanisms are currently unresolved. In addition, the effects of cell- and tissue-level growth dynamics, which induce dilution and displacement of signaling molecules, have remained unexplored. Elucidating these additional mechanisms will be essential to unravel how root growth is patterned in a robust and self-organized manner. Models incorporating growth will thus be crucial in unraveling the underlying logic of root developmental decision making. Computational models are invaluable tools for understanding the hormonal and genetic control of root development. Thus far, models have focused on the crucial roles that auxin transport and metabolism play in determining the auxin signaling gradient that controls the root meristem. Other hormones such as cytokinins, gibberellins, and ethylene have predominantly been considered as modulators of auxin dynamics, but their underlying patterning mechanisms are currently unresolved. In addition, the effects of cell- and tissue-level growth dynamics, which induce dilution and displacement of signaling molecules, have remained unexplored. Elucidating these additional mechanisms will be essential to unravel how root growth is patterned in a robust and self-organized manner. Models incorporating growth will thus be crucial in unraveling the underlying logic of root developmental decision making. active auxin-importing proteins that are embedded in the plasma membranes of specific cells, allowing them to take up more auxin versus only passive uptake across the membrane. auxin is a weak acid that, inside cells with pH levels of ∼7, exists mostly in its deprotonated form, preventing passive export out of the cell. By contrast, in cell walls, owing to the lower local pH level (5.5), auxin is mostly protonated, enabling passive import into cells. As a consequence, auxin transport is dominated by active auxin export. equations that express the current rate of change of a set of variables at their current value. They have only one independent variable, usually time. have more than one independent variable, such as time and space. active auxin-exporting proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane, typically with a cell type-specific polar orientation giving rise to oriented auxin transport. PIN1-mediated flow of auxin down towards, but not entirely to, the root tip arises from the bell-shaped dependence of PIN1 levels on auxin concentration that enables self-organized patterning of an auxin maximum in the absence of a full-blown reflux loop, and hence is complementary to the reflux loop mechanism, controls outside of the systemReflux looproot level. While the reflux loop enables maintenance of the auxin maximum in absence of shoot derived auxin, the reflected flow enables re-establishment of an auxin maximum after root tip excision. the root-level PIN polarization pattern that gives rise to auxin flux down into the root tip in the inner root tissues, combined with the upward- and inward-oriented flux in the outer tissues that causes gradual recycling of auxin back into the downward-flowing tissues, thus forming a loop. alternative name for the reflux loop that is based on the resemblance of the overall flow pattern to a horizontally mirrored fountain. the root tip is cut off the root, thus removing the quiescent center and stem-cell niche, and leading to their subsequent regeneration. pattern formation that arises from the internal dynamics of the system rather than from the imposition of external patterning controls. similar to the reflux loop, there is PIN-mediated downward transport in the vasculature and upward transport in the outer tissues, but the inner and outer transport routes are separated because of the lateral outward rather than inward polarization of PINs in the cortex. the root is cut off from the shoot, depriving it of the nutrients and hormones it normally receives through the vasculature from the shoot, and which in the long term, but not within the first 48 h, results in termination of root growth and root death." @default.
• W2910222608 created "2019-01-25" @default.
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• W2910222608 date "2019-03-01" @default.
• W2910222608 modified "2023-09-29" @default.
• W2910222608 title "In Silico Roots: Room for Growth" @default.
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• W2910222608 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.005" @default.
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