FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2911429982> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2911429982 endingPage "510" @default.
• W2911429982 startingPage "509" @default.
• W2911429982 abstract "Findings from Heffron and colleagues' observational study1Heffron R Donnell D Rees H et al.Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 19-26Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (345) Google Scholar indicate that depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission, and, by the precautionary principle, suggest that women with or at risk of HIV-1 should consider other contraceptive methods. By contrast, in a Comment Charles Morrison and Kavita Nanda2Morrison CN Nanda K Hormonal contraception and HIV: an unanswered question.Lancet Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 2-3Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar emphasise that some consistent evidence from observational studies might be misleading because of uncontrollable confounding and selection biases. Morrison and Nanda conclude that, with no well understood mechanism nor any conclusive experimental evidence in human beings to show that DMPA is harmful, a randomised controlled trial should be implemented. Many previous prospective observational studies have shown benefits that were subsequently refuted in randomised trials, which underscores the need for caution. However, for DMPA and HIV-1, the observational evidence suggests harm, for which known, but often overlooked, physiological mechanisms exist. In most animals, including fish, birds, and mammals, sex steroids are systemically immunomodulatory, with testosterone and progesterone suppressing and oestrogen promoting immune responses.3Bouman A Heineman MJ Faas MM Sex hormones and the immune response in humans.Hum Reprod Update. 2005; 11: 411-423Crossref PubMed Scopus (762) Google Scholar Unfortunately, because research agendas tend to be centred around Europe, Canada, and the USA, interest has largely focused on the role of sex steroids in autoimmune rather than infectious diseases. However, this focus does not negate the validity or relevance of the basic physiology. DMPA, as a high-dose progestin that reduces oestrogen concentrations,4Mishell Jr, DR Kharma KM Thorneycroft IH Nakamura RM Estrogenic activity in women receiving an injectable progestogen for contraception.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972; 113: 372-376Summary Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar should increase vulnerability to infection, consistent with repeated findings for HIV-1 and other infections. As such, because of issues with condom compliance, subjecting women to experiments that might cause harm is not appropriate, even to answer the programmatic question of whether dual contraception (DMPA and condoms) is associated with increased risk of HIV transmission or acquisition. Instead, new analytical methods should be used to investigate the generic and mechanistic role of systemic sex steroids in HIV-1 infection in a non-invasive manner to generate a scientific basis for policy and programmes, and with promotion of other contraceptives. In view of the intensive research into HIV-1 so far, collaborative reuse of biomaterials from prospective cohort studies of HIV incidence could be used for a mendelian randomisation study5Lawlor DA Harbord RM Sterne JA Timpson N Davey SG Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology.Stat Med. 2008; 27: 1133-1163Crossref PubMed Scopus (1579) Google Scholar of the role of sex steroids in vulnerability to HIV-1 and other infections, with progesterone receptor gene variants as important variables for exposure to progesterone. Such a study, taking advantage of the abundance of previous investment in HIV-1 research, could likewise deliver high-quality evidence equivalent to a randomised trial, with no risk of harm and in a shorter time frame.5Lawlor DA Harbord RM Sterne JA Timpson N Davey SG Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology.Stat Med. 2008; 27: 1133-1163Crossref PubMed Scopus (1579) Google Scholar We declare that we have no conflicts of interest. Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission – Authors' replyWe acknowledge the limitations of self-reported sexual behaviour; however, findings from several supplementary analyses suggest that incomplete statistical control for sexual behaviour does not explain our findings. First, self-reported unprotected sex was strongly associated with HIV-1 risk in our multivariate models (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2·82, 95% CI 1·62–4·92; p=0·0002 for HIV-1 acquisition in women and 2·57, 1·38–4·77; p=0·003 for HIV-1 transmission from women to men). Second, unprotected sex strongly correlated with increased pregnancy incidence1 and self-reported condom use was associated with an 80% reduction in per-contact risk,2 which is consistent with widely accepted estimates of condom effectiveness. Full-Text PDF" @default.
• W2911429982 created "2019-02-21" @default.
• W2911429982 creator A5020377532 @default.
• W2911429982 creator A5070878391 @default.
• W2911429982 date "2012-07-01" @default.
• W2911429982 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2911429982 title "Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission" @default.
• W2911429982 cites W1610712227 @default.
• W2911429982 cites W1972696558 @default.
• W2911429982 cites W1987147553 @default.
• W2911429982 cites W2132215085 @default.
• W2911429982 cites W2163369593 @default.
• W2911429982 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70110-x" @default.
• W2911429982 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742630" @default.
• W2911429982 hasPublicationYear "2012" @default.
• W2911429982 type Work @default.
• W2911429982 sameAs 2911429982 @default.
• W2911429982 citedByCount "1" @default.
• W2911429982 countsByYear W29114299822012 @default.
• W2911429982 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2911429982 hasAuthorship W2911429982A5020377532 @default.
• W2911429982 hasAuthorship W2911429982A5070878391 @default.
• W2911429982 hasBestOaLocation W29114299821 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C119599485 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C127413603 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C23131810 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C2776172332 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C2776306185 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C2777164284 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C2779076696 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C2908647359 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C29456083 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C2986817661 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C761482 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C77350462 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConcept C99454951 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C119599485 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C126322002 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C127413603 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C23131810 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C2776172332 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C2776306185 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C2777164284 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C2779076696 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C2908647359 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C29456083 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C2986817661 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C71924100 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C761482 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C77350462 @default.
• W2911429982 hasConceptScore W2911429982C99454951 @default.
• W2911429982 hasIssue "7" @default.
• W2911429982 hasLocation W29114299821 @default.
• W2911429982 hasLocation W29114299822 @default.
• W2911429982 hasOpenAccess W2911429982 @default.
• W2911429982 hasPrimaryLocation W29114299821 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W1957820537 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W1980829150 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W2019955356 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W2023778754 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W2075229094 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W2081436727 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W2142008516 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W2911429982 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W3192326111 @default.
• W2911429982 hasRelatedWork W4306731459 @default.
• W2911429982 hasVolume "12" @default.
• W2911429982 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2911429982 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2911429982 magId "2911429982" @default.
• W2911429982 workType "article" @default.