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• W2912065144 abstract "The sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea, referred to as ergot, may cause toxic effects in farm animals. During the past few years, ergotism re-gained in importance. This might be due to the wet weather conditions, which facilitated the spreading  of the fungus. But it might also be caused by the use of high yielding, but susceptible rye hybrids and the abolition of the rye intervention, which was followed by an increased rye-feeding. Until now, only a weight-based upper limit of 1000 mg ergot/kg unground cereal applies for farm animals. But the alkaloid content of the ergot varies in wide ranges, and literature concerning the effects of ergot feeding on ruminants is scarce. Thus, it was the aim of this study to reveal potential relations between a defined alkaloid exposure and different performance parameters, the physiological response of cattle and carry over into edible tissues and milk by conducting experiments with animals of different ages and production stages. In a first long-term experiment with 38 Holstein-Friesian bulls over a period of approximately 230 days, doses of 0, 0.45 and 2.25 g ergot sclerotia/kg concentrate were fed, which corresponded to an alkaloid exposure of 1.2 – 9.1 µg/kg BW and day. At a mean live weight of 550 kg, bulls were slaughtered and samples of blood, urine, kidneys, liver, muscle and fat tissue were taken for alkaloid analysis. Statistically no significant differences could be detected between the three feeding groups. With a mean DMI of 7.35 kg/d, bulls gained 1.41 kg live weight per day. Liver enzyme activities measured in the blood and carcass composition were not significantly influenced by ergot feeding. The alkaloid content of all samples analysed (edible tissue, blood and urine) was lower than the indicated detection limits. A second 84-day experiment with 35 calves of the same race was conducted. The ergot dose was raised to 0, 1 and 5 g/kg concentrate (maximum exposure of 35.5 µg ergot alkaloids/kg LW and day). DMI and LWG were not significantly influenced by increasing ergot proportions when the whole experimental period was considered, although there was a trend for an ergot-related decrease in concentrate intake during the first 6 weeks of the experiment. This temporary decrease might be caused by a taste aversion, but might also be due to the proceeding rumen development. Neither altered liver enzyme activities nor an alkaloid carry over could be detected in blood samples, taken at the end of the experiment. In the present digestibility study with 12 double fistulated dairy cows (one cannula in the rumen and the other in the proximal duodenum), ergot doses of 0 and 2.25 g/kg concentrate were used, which corresponded to 4.1 – 16.3 µg alkaloids/kg LW and day. The aim of this experiment was to reveal potential relations between an ergot-contamination of the concentrate at differing levels of feed intake and the ruminal fermentation and physiological response of the cows. Each cow was fed with the control diet and with the ergot diet at a ratio of 40 % concentrate and 60 % maize silage in two different periods. The amount of feed intake was adjusted to the production stage, which resulted in a DMI between 6 and 18.5 kg/d. Each period consisted of two weeks of adaptation, one week of digesta sampling and one week for collecting ruminal fluid, faeces, urine, milk and blood samples. Isovalerate, propionate and NH3-N concentrations in the rumen fluid were significantly influenced by ergot feeding, and the amount of ruminally undegraded protein, as well as the fermentation of NDF, tended to be increased with the ergot supplementation at higher levels of feed intake, which might indicate a shift in the microbial population and/or activity. Approximately 67 % of the alkaloids fed were recovered in the duodenal digesta and approximately 24 % of the intake were excreted with the faeces. The anally measured body temperature of the cows significantly increased after ergot administration (0.07°C). No alkaloid residues could be detected in the blood, urine or milk samples and the activities of liver enzymes in the serum were independent of ergot feeding. It may be concluded that in terms of consumer protection, carry over rates of ergot alkaloids into edible tissue at doses not exceeding 9.1 µg alkaloids/kg LW and day (meat) and 16.3 µg alkaloids/kg LW and day (milk), respectively, are negligible. However, even these low doses seemed to influence the rumen population and, as the body temperature in dairy cows increased, to induce a physiological reaction by the animal. At an exposure of calves up to 35.5 µg ergot alkaloids/kg LW and day, slight clinical effects seem to be caused (temporary decrease in DMI of the calves). To derive a NOEL, further experiments with defined and more widely graded alkaloid exposures and cattle of different ages and production stages are necessary. Based on such NOELs, upper limits of alkaloid exposure per kg LW and day could be established which then would be applicable also for pelleted or mixed feedstuffs." @default.
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• W2912065144 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2912065144 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2912065144 title "Effects of ergot on health and performance of ruminants and carry over of the ergot alkaloids into edible tissue" @default.
• W2912065144 hasPublicationYear "2007" @default.
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