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- W2912069939 abstract "Measuring forces from the piconewton to millinewton range is of great importance for the study of living systems from a biophysical perspective. The use of flexible micropipettes as highly sensitive force probes has become established in the biophysical community, advancing our understanding of cellular processes and microbial behavior. The micropipette force sensor (MFS) technique relies on measurement of the forces acting on a force-calibrated, hollow glass micropipette by optically detecting its deflections. The MFS technique covers a wide micro- and mesoscopic regime of detectable forces (tens of piconewtons to millinewtons) and sample sizes (micrometers to millimeters), does not require gluing of the sample to the cantilever, and allows simultaneous optical imaging of the sample throughout the experiment. Here, we provide a detailed protocol describing how to manufacture and calibrate the micropipettes, as well as how to successfully design, perform, and troubleshoot MFS experiments. We exemplify our approach using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, but by following this protocol, a wide variety of living samples, ranging from single cells to multicellular aggregates and millimeter-sized organisms, can be studied in vivo, with a force resolution as low as 10 pN. A skilled (under)graduate student can master the technique in ~1–2 months. The whole protocol takes ~1–2 d to finish. This protocol describes how to fabricate, calibrate, and use micropipette force sensors for measurements in the sub-nanonewton to millinewton range. The micropipettes can be used on samples ranging from single cells to millimeter-sized organisms." @default.
- W2912069939 created "2019-02-21" @default.
- W2912069939 creator A5078660032 @default.
- W2912069939 creator A5082553466 @default.
- W2912069939 date "2019-01-28" @default.
- W2912069939 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
- W2912069939 title "Micropipette force sensors for in vivo force measurements on single cells and multicellular microorganisms" @default.
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- W2912069939 doi "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0110-x" @default.
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- W2912069939 hasPublicationYear "2019" @default.
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