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• W2912138918 abstract "Ingestive behaviors play primary roles in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and energy balance. Feeding and drinking are intermittent behaviors that both renew and anticipate depletions. Their controls are complex and redundant. Despite early views of homeostatic processes including minor roles for behavior, current perspectives acknowledge the importance of behavior in maintaining fluid and energy balance. Three interacting systems are presented that are important in the regulation of feeding: (1) signals related to metabolic state, especially to the degree adiposity; (2) affective signals related to taste and nutritional consequences that serve to reinforce aspects of ingestive behavior, and (3) signals that arise within an individual meal that produce satiety. This chapter identifies the important interactions among these systems that permit the overall regulation of energy balance. Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of water, sodium, and other nutrients in the body. Claude Bernard, the 19th-century French physiologist, was the first to describe animals' ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Because water participates in so many processes, and because it is continuously lost during perspiration, respiration, urination, and defecation, it must be replaced periodically. Unlike minerals or energy, very little extra water is stored in the body. When water use exceeds water intake, the body conserves water, mainly by reducing the amount of water excreted from the kidneys. Eventually, physiological conservation can no longer compensate for water use and incidental water loss, and the individual searches for water and drinks. Regulation of sodium intake and regulation of water intake are closely linked to one another. The chapter reviews the osmotic and volumetric signals to inform the brain of body fluid status and to engage specific neurohormonal systems (e.g., the renin-angiotensin system) to restore fluid balance and maintain appropriate blood pressure. Although the signals that stimulate eating and drinking, as well as those that terminate eating are understood, the signals that terminate drinking remain unspecified. Understanding the complex interactions of these homeostatic signals is critical for therapeutic gains against common disorders of modernity including obesity and hypertension." @default.
• W2912138918 created "2019-02-21" @default.
• W2912138918 creator A5058772320 @default.
• W2912138918 creator A5065590775 @default.
• W2912138918 date "2012-09-26" @default.
• W2912138918 modified "2023-10-13" @default.
• W2912138918 title "Food and Fluid Intake" @default.
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