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- W2912237084 abstract "Hard water contains mainly calcium ions. It consumes soap before lather will form, deposits soap curd on bath tubs, and forms scale in boilers, water heaters, and pipes. This paper deals with the use of Montmorillonite clay in water softening application, which was done in both batch and continuous modes. The local tap water was used as a source of hard water since its calcium content is over the limit of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority of Thailand. Montmorillonite is a smectite clay based on bi-dimensional lamellar alumino-silicate structure leading to a naturally high surface area/volume ratio. The interlayer spacing, pore diameter and also particle size of Montmorillonite can be modified in the level of nano-scale. It is additionally expansive in liquid and cation exchangeable. Montmorillonite is relatively abundant in certain parts of the world, including Thailand, and thus it is inexpensive. The batch experimental results informed that the hardness removal by Montmorillonite is possible. Calcium was removed from hard water by ion-exchange mechanism with the natural exchangeable cations, such as sodium and potassium ions, located between the Montmorillonite layers. Furthermore, a detailed study addressing the effects of some important factors on the water softening has shown that the higher amount of Montmorillonite in the batch system, the more the hardness removal. In addition, the longer contact time between Montmorillonite and hard water leads to the higher calcium uptake from aqua system. Laboratory column were conducted to evaluate the performance of Montmorillonite as water softener under dynamic flow through condition. Mixed sand-clays bed was used for the column experiments due to the fine particle size of Montmorillonite. The permeability of the mixed sand-clay bed was studied. The results showed that the permeability of mixed bed was decreased considerably in the presence of even small amount of clays. The continuous system studies were applied to quantify the influence of bed-depth, water flow rate and Montmorillonite quantity in column on the water softening process. The results show that the calcium uptake increased with increasing amount of Montmorillonite in column and increasing bed height but decreases inversely with increasing initial water hardness." @default.
- W2912237084 created "2019-02-21" @default.
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- W2912237084 date "2005-01-12" @default.
- W2912237084 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W2912237084 title "Water softening by Montmorillonite clay" @default.
- W2912237084 hasPublicationYear "2005" @default.
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