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• W2912372414 abstract "The current staging system for lung cancer as well as other malignancies, based on the tumor size and involved lymph nodes, has known limitations. It remains unclear why some patients with early-stage disease ultimately develop metastases while others with advanced-stage disease remain cancer free. In the past decade, innumerable publications have addresses this specific issue with attempts to define an aggressive molecular signature predicting disease recurrence. Most commonly, microarray chips have been used to simultaneously assess the relative expression of thousands of gene transcripts within primary tumors. Nakajima and colleagues [1Nakajima T. Zamel R. Anayama T. et al.Ribonucleic acid microarray analysis from lymph node samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasonography-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.Ann Thorac Surg. 2012; 94: 2097-2102Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar] have taken an additional step by demonstrating that microarrays can also be performed on fine-needle aspirate samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasound–directed biopsies. This finding addresses an increasingly important question of how much tissue is necessary to perform genetic analyses that can be used to predict recurrence or to guide systemic treatment. Currently, the genes of greatest clinical importance in lung cancer patients include EGFR, k-RAS, and EML4-ALK. An explosion of relevant genetic markers with therapeutic implications is anticipated. In the future, both coding and noncoding gene transcripts will likely be found to have clinical relevance. MicroRNA (miRNA) are recently described noncoding RNA species measuring approximately 30 nucleotides in length that modulate the translation of cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) [2Sotiropoulou G. Pampalakis G. Lianidou E. et al.Emerging roles of microRNAs as molecular switches in the integrated circuit of the cancer cell.RNA. 2009; 15: 1443-1461Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar]. The exact role of miRNAs in disease is being investigated intensely, and microarrays have been developed to determine the level of expression of a large number of miRNAs within patient samples. Assessment of miRNAs may be more practical than mRNA because they are not degraded as rapidly. Therefore, the role of miRNA analyses may become more prominent in the future. The article demonstrated that miRNA microarrays can be performed on samples obtained by needle aspiration. The greatest limitations related to the applications of this technology are the quantity and quality of RNA that can be purified from the collected samples. The RNA integrity number (RIN) is a means of assessing the degree of RNA degradation. Although samples with an RIN greater than 6 may be acceptable to perform quantitative RT-PCR analysis, samples with an RIN greater than 7 are generally recommended when microarrays are performed [3Ark-genomics Affymetrix RNA guidelines.http://www.ark-genomics.org/sites/default/files/documents/Affymetrix%20RNA%20Guidelines%20v%201.0.pdfGoogle Scholar]. Others have indicated that only RNA with RIN values greater than 8 should be used routinely, and data from RNA with RIN values between 6 and 8 may be acceptable only if the quality between groups is equivalent [4Gohlmann H. Taloen W. Gene expression studies using Affymetrix microarrays. CRC Press, 2009Google Scholar]. The quantity of RNA required for microarray analysis is variable, but quantities normally accepted range from 1.5 to 2.5 μg if the quality is excellent [5UCI Genomics High Throughput Facility.http://dmaf.biochem.uci.edu/content/affymetrix-guidelines-preparationGoogle Scholar]. Although the quality of RNA used in the present study may be slightly less than what is typically accepted, the authors should be congratulated for demonstrating that advanced genetic analysis can be performed on samples obtained using endobronchial ultrasound. Ribonucleic Acid Microarray Analysis From Lymph Node Samples Obtained by Endobronchial Ultrasonography-Guided Transbronchial Needle AspirationThe Annals of Thoracic SurgeryVol. 94Issue 6PreviewThe aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) expression analysis by microarray using samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasonography-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W2912372414 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.09.070" @default.
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