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• W2912374076 abstract "This collection of articles highlights current paleobotanical research on the Paleogene and Neogene of Asia, following on a symposium held at the International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen, China in 2017, “Ecological and biogeographic implications of Asian Oligocene and Neogene fossil floras.” Fossil floras of this age, scattered across Asia, provide important data for assessing plant community response to changing topography and climate. During this time interval, from approximately 33.9 Ma to 2.58 Ma, the effects of rising mountains, oscillations of climate, and correlated changes in sea level have influenced development of the modern spatial pattern of plant diversity. The authors of this issue have used a variety of approaches to investigate different kinds of fossil plant remains including fruits, seeds, leaves, wood, and pollen to address questions of systematics, paleobiogeography, paleoecology, and climate change. During recent years, many new fossil floras have been investigated and various taxa have been described in detail (e.g., Huang et al., 2016; Quan et al., 2016; Yabe, 2017; Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018). Now is an appropriate time to gather the latest evidence of fossil records and paleoenvironmental data to discuss their ecological and biogeographic implications, thus to better understand mechanisms of biogeographic change. Asian fossil plant records are key to understanding patterns of plant migration, radiation, and extirpation that have shaped present-day phytogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. Investigating the past biodiversity through geological time is critical to understand how this modern botanical richness formed (Popova et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2016; Yabe, 2017; Yabe & Nakagawa, 2018). We chose to focus the symposium on Oligocene and Neogene floras of Asia. The international stratigraphic community has largely abandoned the former recognition of the “Tertiary Period” in favor of the Paleogene and Neogene Periods; however, the conventional assignment of Oligocene epoch to the Paleogene makes the distinction between Paleogene and Neogene seem artificial because Oligocene vegetation shares more in common with the Neogene (Miocene through Pliocene) than with the Paleocene and Eocene vegetation. For this issue of JSE we have augmented the scope to include some contributions on Paleocene and Eocene plants. The articles herein fall under two overlapping themes: vegetation and climate assessed from fossil plant assemblages, and taxonomic and biogeographic history. Popova et al. (2019) document floristic change and continuity in western Siberian vegetation during the early Oligocene to earliest Miocene based on well-preserved fossil fruits and seeds. Based on the taxonomic identifications, the fossils were assigned to 26 plant functional types, including but not limited to C4 herbs, broad-leaved summer green arctic shrubs, broad-leaved evergreen warm temperate shrubs, broad-leaved evergreen xeric shrubs, needle-leaved evergreen boreal/temperate cold trees, drought-tolerant needle-leaved evergreen trees, broad-leaved evergreen subtropical trees, broad-leaved summer green boreal/cold temperate trees, and aquatic components. The distribution of functional types was analyzed in a database comprising 66 carpofloras of Nikitin (2006). From these data, it can be concluded that temperate mesophytic, mixed conifer broad-leaved deciduous forest persisted in western Siberia throughout the Oligocene and earliest Miocene, supporting the concept of relatively stable climate conditions, without significant drying through this time interval in this region. The authors also detected an increase in taxonomic diversity, particularly concerning mesic herbs and deciduous trees and shrubs near the end of the Oligocene that might be related to increased precipitation and expansion of terrestrial habitats following retreat of the Paratethys sea. Yabe et al. (2019) present an informative and insightful overview of the paleobotanical history conifer genera that are presently endemic to eastern Asia, with emphasis on Oligocene and Neogene fossil floras of Japan and Korea. Six of the genera, namely Metasequoia, Glyptostrobus, Taiwania, Keteleeria, Pseudolarix, and Cunninghamia, occupied a wider range of environmental conditions in the past than their modern representatives. Their geographic distributions have shifted and/or receded since the late Miocene, possibly through habitat partitioning. They appear to have expanded their habitat toward warmer conditions during the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum but then became restricted to warmer forest vegetation by the end of Pliocene. Cryptomeria and Thujopsis were found especially in floras of cooler temperate climate and they continued to maintain their range in the northern part of Japan where they are now endemic. During the late Miocene–Pliocene, the connection of the islands with the Asian continent functioned as a corridor for the dispersal of warm-adapted genera. Wu et al. (2019) report cupressaceous foliage from the early Oligocene of Guangdong Province, South China based on fossil foliage with well-preserved cuticle. Although there is a resemblance to foliage of the extinct mesophytic species of Tetraclinis salicornioides, known from attached cones and foliage in the Oligocene–Miocene of Europe and North America (Kvaček et al., 2000), the authors conclude that their leaves represent the extant genus Calocedrus, augmenting the records of similar foliage known from the Oligocene of Guangxi (Shi et al., 2012) and the Miocene of Zhejiang and Yunnan provinces (Zhang et al., 2015). The latter site in Yunnan also includes the diagnostic cones of Calocedrus. Liu et al. (2019) investigated acorns, leaves, and pollen of ring-cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) from the early Oligocene Shangcun Formation of Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, South China. This finding indicates that subg. Cyclobalanopsis arrived in the low latitude area of South China—one of its modern distribution centers—during or prior to the Oligocene. This record augments other tropical and subtropical elements recently recognized from the Oligocene carpoflora of South China, including Spondioid Anacardiaceae (Fu et al., 2017), Burseraceae (Han et al., 2018b), and Menispermaceae (Han et al., 2018a), which have close affinities with local extant taxa. The extinct ulmaceous genus Cedrelospermum, known from characteristic winged fruits, was originally recognized only from the Cenozoic of Europe (e.g., Saporta, 1889; Hably & Thiébaut, 2002; Wilde & Manchester, 2003; Kvaček & Teodoridis, 2011; Collinson et al., 2012) and North America (Manchester, 1989; Magallón-Puebla & Cevallos-Ferriz, 1994). The hypothesis that this genus was confined to Euro-North America and absent from Asia (Manchester, 1999) was refuted with the discovery of bona fide Cedrelospermum fruits in the early Miocene of southeastern Yunnan (Jia et al., 2015), but the pathways of dispersal of the genus among the northern landmasses has remained uncertain. A new chapter in our understanding of the complex biogeographic history of Cedrelospermum is presented by Jia et al. (2019). The recent discovery of yet another occurrence of the Cedrelospermum in the late Oligocene of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, in an area that is now devoid of arborescent vegetation due to high elevation, indicates that this genus, along with other mesophytic elements, was native to this region prior to major uplift. Xu et al. (2019b) contribute to our knowledge of the fossil record of Betulaceae, with recognition of new leaf and infructescence remains of Alnus from the late Eocene of the southeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Based on detailed morphological comparisons with existing and fossil species, these fossils show close similarity to extant Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii C.K. Schneid. These specimens represent the oldest megafossil record of Alnus in the QTP. According to the mean annual temperature and precipitation values of extant A. ferdinandi-coburgii, a much warmer and wetter climate can be inferred for the late Eocene than today in the southeastern QTP. This finding is consistent with other evidence for continued uplift of the southeastern QTP after the late Eocene. Xu et al. (2019a) describe fossil ferns resembling the extant genus Christella (Thelypteridaceae) from late Paleocene of Liuqu, southern Tibet and middle Miocene of the Jinggu Basin of southwestern Yunnan and consider their indications for the paleoenvironment of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas. Because of convergence among modern fern genera with this morphology, other authors prefer to assign such foliage to the fossil genus Speirseopteris (Stockey et al., 2006). By comparison with the conditions in which extant Christella occurs, the authors infer that the Liuqu flora was deposited prior to major uplift in a warm humid habitat significantly lower in elevation than today. Huang et al. (2019) report on distinctive fossil endocarps of Fragaria and Rubus (Rosaceae, subfamilies Rosoideae) from northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China. This discovery indicates that these genera, which are diverse in the same region today, were already part of the flora in the late Pliocene. This finding is significant for understanding of the post-Neogene diversification of angiosperms in northwestern Yunnan mainly driven by environmental changes associated with uplift extension of the Tibetan Plateau. Srivastava et al. (2019) augment their earlier review of numerous latest Cretaceous to Paleocene dicotyledonous woods of the Deccan Intertrappean beds of India (Wheeler et al., 2017) with renewed attention to representatives of the Parietal Clade of the Malpighiales. Based on wood anatomical characters, they recognize two new representatives: Elioxylon of uncertain modern affinities, and Hydnocarpoxylon indicum Bande & Khatri resembling modern Hydnocarpus Gaertn. (Achariaceae). These fossils represent the oldest fossil records of the Parietal Clade of the Malpighiales, providing support for the “out-of-India” hypothesis of Achariaceae and/or Salicaceae. Although the multiporate pollen of extant Chenopodiaceae is sufficiently distinctive to be readily identified to the family level in fossil palynological assemblages, the morphological overlap in pollen of different genera has precluded confident identification of fossil chenopodiaceous pollen to extant genera. This impedes attempts to infer detailed environmental conditions for fossil occurrences from modern relatives. However, Lu et al. (2019) introduce another approach based on analysis of pollen of selected extant taxa of Chenopodiaceae from different modern environments of central Asian desert. The authors associate particular morphological syndromes in the pollen to six functional types correlated to different environmental conditions, that is, temperate dwarf semi-arboreal desert, temperate succulent halophytic, temperate annual graminoid desert, temperate semi-shrubby and dwarf semi-shrubby desert, and alpine cushion dwarf semi-shrubby desert. This work shows the potential for detecting particular vegetation types based on the kinds of chenopodiaceous pollen found in fossil assemblages. Xiaoyan Liu1* and Steven R. Manchester2* 1School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China 2Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA *Author for correspondence. E-mail: lxy_0628@163.com; steven@ufl.edu" @default.
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• W2912374076 title "Ecological and Biogeographic Implications of Asian Cenozoic Fossil Floras" @default.
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