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• W2912679416 abstract "The ASGE Technology Committee provides reviews of existing, new, or emerging endoscopic technologies that have an impact on the practice of GI endoscopy. Evidence-based methodology is used, performing a MEDLINE literature search to identify pertinent clinical studies on the topic and a MAUDE (U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health) database search to identify the reported adverse events of a given technology. Both are supplemented by accessing the “related articles” feature of PubMed and by scrutinizing pertinent references cited by the identified studies. Controlled clinical trials are emphasized, but in many cases, data from randomized, controlled trials are lacking. In such cases, large case series, preliminary clinical studies, and expert opinions are used. Technical data are gathered from traditional and Web-based publications, proprietary publications, and informal communications with pertinent vendors. Technology Status Evaluation Reports are drafted by 1 or 2 members of the ASGE Technology Committee, reviewed and edited by the Committee as a whole, and approved by the Governing Board of the ASGE. When financial guidance is indicated, the most recent coding data and list prices at the time of publication are provided. For this review, the MEDLINE database was searched through October 2014 for articles related to endoscopy in patients by using the key words “enteroscopy,” “enteroscope,” “overtube,” “double-balloon,” “single-balloon,” “spiral,” “intraoperative,” and “push pull” paired with “endoscopy,” “small intestine,” and “small bowel.” Technology Status Evaluation Reports are scientific reviews provided solely for educational and informational purposes. Technology Status Evaluation Reports are not rules and should not be construed as establishing a legal standard of care or as encouraging, advocating, requiring, or discouraging any particular treatment or payment for such treatment. Enteroscopy refers to endoscopic examination of the small intestine. Although limited small-bowel evaluation is undertaken during EGD and is possible during colonoscopy, enteroscopy typically refers to more extensive endoscopic examination of the small intestine, extending into the jejunum and/or ileum. Diagnostic evaluation of the small bowel can be performed by noninvasive imaging (CT or magnetic resonance enterography) or by wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE). Whereas these modalities currently lack therapeutic ability, they often precede and serve to guide and direct therapy via enteroscopy. WCE was discussed in a previous ASGE Technology Committee document.1Wang A. Banerjee S. Barth B.A. et al.ASGE Technology CommitteeWireless capsule endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2013; 78: 805-815Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar This document will focus on endoscopes, devices, and techniques used for enteroscopy and represents an update of a previous ASGE Technology Status Evaluation Report titled “Enteroscopes.”2DiSario J.A. Petersen B.T. Tierney W.M. et al.ASGE Technology CommitteeEnteroscopes.Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 66: 872-880Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar This procedure may be performed with a specifically designed enteroscope or by using a colonoscope with or without an overtube. Typically evaluation is limited to the proximal jejunum. Deeper evaluation of the small bowel can be accomplished with enteroscopes coupled with a specialized overtube apparatus. The procedure can be performed via an antegrade approach (via the mouth) or via a retrograde approach (via the anus). In the United States, current options for device-assisted enteroscopes include double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE), single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE), and spiral enteroscopy. A newer through-the-scope balloon-assisted device that allows “on-demand” enteroscopy is also available. This is a technique in which an endoscope is inserted orally or via an enterotomy and is guided through the small bowel with surgical assistance. Certain general principles and techniques applicable to all forms of enteroscopy deserve consideration. Foremost, mucosal inspection should be accomplished during both insertion and withdrawal because minor mucosal abrasions caused by instrumentation can mimic vascular or inflammatory lesions. Second, the use of fluoroscopy to assess enteroscope and/or overtube position, and advancement varies and depends on many factors including the type of enteroscopy being performed, the approach (antegrade vs retrograde), the indication, and endoscopist preference. Although fluoroscopy was widely used previously, many endoscopists currently perform enteroscopy without fluoroscopic guidance. Finally, an important variable is the use of CO2 for insufflation rather than air because studies specific to enteroscopy have shown enhanced insertion depth and better patient tolerance with CO2 insufflation.3Domagk D. Bretthauer M. Lenz P. et al.Carbon dioxide insufflation improves intubation depth in double-balloon enteroscopy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial.Endoscopy. 2007; 39: 1064-1067Crossref PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar, 4Hirai F. Beppu T. Nishimura T. et al.Carbon dioxide insufflation compared with air insufflation in double-balloon enteroscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.Gastrointest Endosc. 2011; 73: 743-749Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, 5Lenz P. Meister T. Manno M. et al.CO2 insufflation during single-balloon enteroscopy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.Endoscopy. 2014; 46: 53-58Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 6Li X. Zhao Y.J. Dai J. et al.Carbon dioxide insufflation improves the intubation depth and total enteroscopy rate in single-balloon enteroscopy: a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.Gut. 2014; 63: 1560-1565Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar The technical specifications of push and device-assisted enteroscopes and overtubes are listed in Table 1, Table 2.Table 1Technical specifications of enteroscopesEndoscope make/modelTypeLength, mmOuter diameter, mmWorking inner channel, mmField of viewOvertube requiredList price, $Fujinon EN-450T5DBE scope23009.42.8140°Yes55,250 EN-450T5/WDBE scope23009.42.8140°YesNot available in the U.S. EN-450P5/20DBE scope23008.52.2120°Yes51,350 EC-450BI5DBE scope18209.42.8140°Yes37,900Olympus SIF-Q180SBE scope20009.22.8140°Yes46,400Pentax VSB-3430KPE220011.63.8140°No41,400DBE, Double-balloon enteroscopy; SBE, single-balloon enteroscopy. Open table in a new tab Table 2Technical specifications of enteroscope overtubesOvertube make/modelTypeLength, mmOuter diameter, mmInner diameter, mmBalloon diameter, mmScope compatibilityList price, $Fujinon TS-12140DBE overtube145012.21040EN-450P5/20226.50 TS-13140DBE overtube145013.210.840EN-450T5, EN-450T5/W226.50 TS-13101DBE overtube105013.210.840EC-450BI5226.50Olympus ST-SB1SBE overtube132013.21140SIF-Q180276.50Spirus MedicalTotal length/spiral length, mmSpiral height, m Endo-Ease Discovery Standard profileSpiral enteroscopy1180/22014.59.85.5SIF-Q180EN-450T5EN-450T5/WEN-450P5/20EC-450BI5495 Endo-Ease Discovery low profileSpiral enteroscopy1180/22014.59.84.5SIF-Q180EN-450T5EN-450T5/WEN-450P5/20EC-450BI5495 Endo-Ease Vista RetrogradeSpiral enteroscopy1000/22017.4135Pediatric colonoscope395DBE, Double-balloon enteroscopy; SBE, single-balloon enteroscopy. Open table in a new tab DBE, Double-balloon enteroscopy; SBE, single-balloon enteroscopy. DBE, Double-balloon enteroscopy; SBE, single-balloon enteroscopy. Push enteroscopy may be performed with dedicated enteroscopes or by using colonoscopes. Push enteroscopes are longer versions of standard endoscopes with a working length of 200 to 250 cm, external diameters of 10.5 to 11.7 mm, and channel diameters of 2.8 to 3.8 mm. However, the length of the instrument does not necessarily correlate with deeper insertion or improved diagnostic yield.7Benz C. Jakobs R. Riemann J.F. Does the insertion depth in push enteroscopy depend on the working length of the enteroscope?.Endoscopy. 2002; 34: 543-545Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar The use of overtubes has been proposed to allow for greater insertion depth during push enteroscopy; however, it is again unclear whether this results in a greater diagnostic yield.8Eisen G.M. Dominitz J.A. Faigel D.O. et al.ASGE Technology CommitteeEnteroscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53: 871-873Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9Benz C. Jakobs R. Riemann J.F. Do we need the overtube for push-enteroscopy?.Endoscopy. 2001; 33: 658-661Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 10Taylor A.C. Chen R.Y. Desmond P.V. Use of an overtube for enteroscopy–does it increase depth of insertion? A prospective study of enteroscopy with and without an overtube.Endoscopy. 2001; 33: 227-230Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar Overtubes are not routinely used because of greater patient discomfort and reported adverse events related to their use.9Benz C. Jakobs R. Riemann J.F. Do we need the overtube for push-enteroscopy?.Endoscopy. 2001; 33: 658-661Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 10Taylor A.C. Chen R.Y. Desmond P.V. Use of an overtube for enteroscopy–does it increase depth of insertion? A prospective study of enteroscopy with and without an overtube.Endoscopy. 2001; 33: 227-230Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 11Gay G. Loudu P. Bichet G. et al.Parotid gland and submaxillary enlargement after push video enteroscopy.Endoscopy. 1996; 28: 328Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 12Landi B. Cellier C. Fayemendy L. et al.Duodenal perforation occurring during push enteroscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 1996; 43: 631Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar Overtubes have been detailed in a separate ASGE Technology Committee document.13Tierney W.M. Adler D.G. Conway J.D. et al.ASGE Technology CommitteeOvertube use in gastrointestinal endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70: 828-834Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar The endoscope is introduced through the mouth and advanced into the small bowel as far as possible until looping limits forward progression. Torque and withdrawal are performed to reduce loops, and the endoscope is then re-advanced and the process is repeated. If the endoscope cannot be advanced further with these maneuvers, patient position can be changed and abdominal pressure can be applied. If a variable-stiffness colonoscope is used, stiffening of the instrument may allow further advancement. In procedures in which an overtube is used, it is backloaded up to the hub of the endoscope before insertion. The endoscope is then advanced to the second or third portion of the duodenum, and loop reduction is then performed. The overtube is then advanced to the level of the tip of the endoscope, and the endoscope is then re-advanced further. Fluoroscopy may guide loop reduction, assessment of endoscope position, and advancement. DBE was first introduced in 2001 and was developed for evaluation of the entire jejunum and ileum. DBE uses a specially coupled enteroscope and overtube apparatus with latex balloons mounted on the distal ends of each component. The balloons are intended to anchor the endoscope in position during insertion to allow for pleating of the bowel over the endoscope shaft, reducing loop formation and allowing for greater insertion depth. Three DBE systems are currently available. The most commonly used system is an enteroscope with a 9.4-mm diameter, a 2.8-mm working channel, and a 200-cm working length (EN-450T5; Fujinon, Saitama, Japan). DBE systems designed with a smaller diameter (EN-450P5/20) and shorter length (EC-450BI5) are detailed in Table 1. The smaller diameter system may be used for pediatric patients and for diagnostic procedures in adults. The shorter length system has been used to perform ERCP in patients with postsurgical anatomy. The soft overtube of the most commonly used DBE system (EN-450T5; Fujinon) has a length of 145 cm, an outer diameter of 13.2 mm, and a specifically designed pump for inflating and deflating the latex balloon at its tip. Additional available overtubes used with the smaller diameter and shorter length DBE enteroscopes are detailed in Table 2. A balloon pump controller (PB-20; Fujinon) controls the internal dilation pressure of both enteroscope and overtube balloons, monitoring it and setting it at 5.6 kPa. Increased pressure within the balloon triggers an alarm. If the alarm is not acknowledged and silenced by the endoscopist or assistant, autodeflation of both balloons occurs. DBE is a 2-person procedure, requiring an endoscopist and an assistant. After the overtube is loaded onto the enteroscope, a soft latex balloon is attached to the tip of the enteroscope. The balloons are deflated at the initiation of the procedure. For the antegrade approach, the endoscope and overtube are advanced to the duodenum past the major papilla, and the overtube balloon is inflated to maintain a stable position. The enteroscope is then advanced up to 40 cm distal to the overtube tip, and its balloon is inflated to anchor the enteroscope. The overtube balloon is then deflated, and the overtube is advanced toward the tip of the enteroscope. The overtube balloon is then reinflated such that the entire apparatus is secured to the intestine with both balloons inflated. The enteroscope-overtube apparatus is then retracted simultaneously so as to pleat the intestine along the overtube like an accordion. This sequence is repeated, and the device is advanced through the intestine in 40-cm increments (Fig. 1). When the desired or maximum insertion distance is reached, a submucosal tattoo is often placed to mark the distal extent of the evaluation. Withdrawal of the apparatus is generally performed in short segments to allow for careful mucosal inspection. Withdrawal is initiated with the endoscope balloon inflated and the overtube balloon deflated. After withdrawal of the overtube, the overtube balloon is reinflated. Endoscope retraction is always performed with the overtube secured by its inflated balloon to prevent uncontrolled loss of depth of insertion.14May A. Nachbar L. Wardak A. et al.Double-balloon enteroscopy: preliminary experience in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding or chronic abdominal pain.Endoscopy. 2003; 35: 985-991Crossref PubMed Scopus (226) Google Scholar, 15Mönkemëller K. Weigt J. Treiber G. et al.Diagnostic and therapeutic impact of double-balloon enteroscopy.Endoscopy. 2006; 38: 67-72Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar A circumferential white marking on the enteroscope 140 cm proximal to the balloon represents a marker beyond which the overtube should not be advanced or the enteroscope withdrawn. This is to prevent the overtube from shearing off the enteroscope balloon during insertion or withdrawal (Fig. 2). DBE was often performed previously with fluoroscopic guidance, although this is currently less commonly used. For retrograde DBE, a colonoscopy preparation is required. The enteroscope and overtube are advanced to the cecum either directly or by using the previously described push-pull technique. With the overtube balloon inflated, the enteroscope is advanced across the ileocecal valve and its balloon inflated within the ileum. The overtube is then advanced into the ileum with its balloon deflated. Subsequently, the advancement steps are identical to those of the antegrade DBE technique previously described. DBE may allow complete enteroscopy, defined as endoscopic evaluation of the entire small bowel with a single approach or by combining antegrade and retrograde approaches. SBE was introduced in 2007, and it uses an enteroscope with an overtube (SIF-Q180; Olympus America Inc, Center Valley, Pa) and an electronic balloon inflation control device that allows automatic pressure control. In contrast to DBE, only the disposable overtube has a nonlatex balloon at its distal end. The enteroscope has a working length of 200 cm, an outer diameter of 9.2 mm, and a 2.8-mm diameter working channel. The overtube (ST-SB1; Olympus) is 140 cm long with a 13.2-mm outer diameter, and its distal end has an inflatable silicone balloon. The balloon is controlled by pressing buttons on the front panel of the Olympus balloon control unit or on a remote control. The balloon pressure is regulated to 5.4 kPa. The internal surface of the overtube is hydrophilic, and lubrication between the outer surface of the enteroscope and the inner surface of the overtube is facilitated by flushing the internal surface of the overtube with water. The technique for SBE is similar to that for DBE. The overtube is backloaded onto the enteroscope, and the enteroscope is advanced as far as possible into the small bowel, then anchored by using its flexible tip (as opposed to enteroscope tip balloon-assisted anchoring used in DBE). Subsequently, the overtube is advanced with its balloon deflated to the tip of the enteroscope. The overtube balloon is then inflated while keeping the enteroscope tip flexed. The entire apparatus is then withdrawn to allow pleating of the small bowel over the enteroscope and overtube. The enteroscope is then re-advanced while keeping the overtube balloon inflated to prevent slippage of the proximal bowel that has been pleated on the overtube. When the enteroscope cannot be advanced further, its tip is again flexed to anchor the enteroscope. The overtube balloon is then deflated, and the overtube is again advanced to the tip of the enteroscope. This sequence is repeated until the apparatus has advanced to the maximal, or to the desired extent within the small intestine (Fig. 3). The point of final enteroscope advancement can be marked with a submucosal tattoo. Spiral enteroscopy was developed in 2007 potentially to provide a simpler and faster technique compared with balloon-assisted enteroscopy. It uses a disposable overtube with a soft raised spiral ridge that is designed to pleat the small bowel. The overtube is 118 cm long with soft raised spiral helix at its distal end that is either 4.5 mm (low profile) or 5.5 mm (standard profile) in height. The overtube is compatible with enteroscopes that are 200 cm in length and between 9.1 and 9.5 mm in diameter. Two different overtubes are available for antegrade (Endo-Ease Discovery SB; Spirus Medical Inc, Stoughton, Mass) or retrograde (Endo-Ease Vista; Spirus Medical Inc) examinations. The overtube has a coupling device on its proximal end that affixes itself to the enteroscope. This allows for free rotation of the overtube independent of the enteroscope but prevents independent movement of the enteroscope (advancement or withdrawal) relative to the overtube. When the overtube is uncoupled, the enteroscope can then be advanced or withdrawn independent of the overtube. A motorized spiral enteroscopy system is in development. Two operators are required to perform the procedure: an endoscopist and an assistant to operate the overtube. Before insertion, the inner lining of the overtube is generously lubricated with the proprietary lubricant supplied with the device. The overtube is then backloaded onto the enteroscope so that about 20 cm of the enteroscope protrudes past the distal tip of the overtube. When the overtube and enteroscope are coupled, the overtube should be rotated clockwise for advancement and counterclockwise for withdrawal. For antegrade examination, the overtube and enteroscope are advanced slowly with clockwise rotation of the overtube until the enteroscope tip ideally reaches the ligament of Treitz. It is important to minimize insufflation of air or CO2, which decreases the chance of loop formation in the stomach and allows for better contact of the spiral helix to the small intestine to initiate movement and pleating of the intestine onto the overtube. Resistance to rotation of the overtube is usually due to loop formation in the stomach. This can be countered by continued slow clockwise rotation of the overtube while gently pulling back (withdrawing) the overtube. This reduction maneuver along with application of external abdominal pressure or splinting can be used to advance the overtube-enteroscope unit into the small intestine. When resistance to further clockwise overtube rotation is encountered and deeper advancement is not thought to be possible, the enteroscope can be uncoupled from the overtube and further advanced to its maximal depth. Withdrawal of the enteroscope is performed by pulling back the enteroscope so that its tip is 20 cm distal to the overtube tip. At this point, it is recoupled, and further withdrawal is done by counterclockwise rotation of the overtube. For retrograde examinations, the technique is similar to antegrade examination. The NaviAid (SMART Medical Systems Ltd, Ra’anana, Israel) is a newer device that consists of a disposable balloon component that is advanced through the working channel of an endoscope or colonoscope (NaviAid AB and NaviAid ABC) and an air supply unit. The NaviAid AB has a working length of 350 cm with a balloon diameter of 40 mm. The minimum endoscope working channel diameter needed for passage of the device is 3.8 mm. The inflation/deflation of the balloon is controlled by an air supply unit, and balloon pressure is regulated at 6 kPa. The balloon device can be advanced through the instrument channel of the endoscope only when deep enteroscopy is needed. It does not require any specific premounting or preprocedural preparation. The procedure technique is conceptually similar to balloon-assisted enteroscopy with an overtube. The balloon is advanced beyond the tip of the endoscope through its instrument channel and inflated to anchor itself to the small intestine. Subsequently, repetitive push-pull maneuvers are performed with the endoscope sliding over the catheter as a rail until it reaches the inflated balloon distally. The balloon catheter can be removed to allow for therapeutic interventions as needed and reinserted for further advancement. Intraoperative enteroscopy is the most invasive of the enteroscopy techniques but can allow for complete evaluation of the small intestine. Due to significant advancements in noninvasive imaging and device-assisted enteroscopy, it is performed less frequently. The technique can be quite variable with regard to the location of endoscope insertion, the type of endoscope used, and the approach to intra-abdominal access (laparotomy vs laparoscopy). It is performed in the operating room with the assistance of a surgical team while the endoscopist performs the enteroscopy. The surgeon pleats segments of intestine over the enteroscope via a laparotomy or with laparoscopic techniques. Lesions can be treated endoscopically or marked for surgical resection.16Ress A.M. Benacci J.C. Sarr M.G. Efficacy of intraoperative enteroscopy in diagnosis and prevention of recurrent, occult gastrointestinal bleeding.Am J Surg. 1992; 163 (discussion 98-9): 94-98Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar, 17Esaki M. Matsumoto T. Hizawa K. et al.Intraoperative enteroscopy detects more lesions but is not predictive of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease.Surg Endosc. 2001; 15: 455-459Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar, 18Kim J. Kim Y.S. Chun H.J. et al.Laparoscopy-assisted exploration of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after capsule endoscopy: the Korean experience.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2005; 15: 365-373Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 19Esaki M. Matsumoto T. Hizawa K. et al.Preventive effect of nutritional therapy against postoperative recurrence of Crohn disease, with reference to findings determined by intra-operative enteroscopy.Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005; 40: 1431-1437Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar, 20Edwards D.P. Khosraviani K. Stafferton R. et al.Long-term results of polyp clearance by intraoperative enteroscopy in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.Dis Colon Rectum. 2003; 46: 48-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 21Kendrick M.L. Buttar N.S. Anderson M.A. et al.Contribution of intraoperative enteroscopy in the management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.J Gastrointest Surg. 2001; 5: 162-167Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 22Douard R. Wind P. Panis Y. et al.Intraoperative enteroscopy for diagnosis and management of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding.Am J Surg. 2000; 180: 181-184Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 23Zaman A. Sheppard B. Katon R.M. Total peroral intraoperative enteroscopy for obscure GI bleeding using a dedicated push enteroscope: diagnostic yield and patient outcome.Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 50: 506-510Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar The most common indication for all types of enteroscopy is the diagnosis and/or therapy of obscure overt or occult intestinal bleeding, ie, bleeding without an etiology found on standard upper endoscopy and colonoscopy with terminal ileoscopy.8Eisen G.M. Dominitz J.A. Faigel D.O. et al.ASGE Technology CommitteeEnteroscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53: 871-873Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Other indications include evaluation of imaging abnormalities raising concern for small-bowel Crohn’s disease, strictures, ulcers, celiac disease, malabsorption, polyps, masses, lymphoma, and other infiltrative diseases.24Heine G.D. Hadithi M. Groenen M.J. et al.Double-balloon enteroscopy: indications, diagnostic yield, and complications in a series of 275 patients with suspected small-bowel disease.Endoscopy. 2006; 38: 42-48Crossref PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar, 25Sunada K. Yamamoto H. Kita H. et al.Clinical outcomes of enteroscopy using the double-balloon method for strictures of the small intestine.World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11: 1087-1089Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 26Ohmiya N. Taguchi A. Shirai K. et al.Endoscopic resection of Peutz-Jeghers polyps throughout the small intestine at double-balloon enteroscopy without laparotomy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 61: 140-147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 27May A. Nachbar L. Ell C. Extraction of entrapped capsules from the small bowel by means of push-and-pull enteroscopy with the double-balloon technique.Endoscopy. 2005; 37: 591-593Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 28Matsumoto T. Esaki M. Moriyama T. et al.Comparison of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy with the double-balloon method in patients with obscure bleeding and polyposis.Endoscopy. 2005; 37: 827-832Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 29Pennazio M. Rossini F.P. Small bowel polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: management by combined push enteroscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2000; 51: 304-308Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 30Cellier C. Cuillerier E. Patey-Mariaud de Serre N. et al.Push enteroscopy in celiac sprue and refractory sprue.Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 50: 613-617Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar Therapeutic indications in addition to hemostasis include polypectomy, retrieval of foreign bodies, enteral stricture dilation, placement of jejunal feeding tubes, treatment of early postoperative small-bowel obstruction, and performance of ERCP in patients with postsurgical anatomy.8Eisen G.M. Dominitz J.A. Faigel D.O. et al.ASGE Technology CommitteeEnteroscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53: 871-873Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 24Heine G.D. Hadithi M. Groenen M.J. et al.Double-balloon enteroscopy: indications, diagnostic yield, and complications in a series of 275 patients with suspected small-bowel disease.Endoscopy. 2006; 38: 42-48Crossref PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar, 25Sunada K. Yamamoto H. Kita H. et al.Clinical outcomes of enteroscopy using the double-balloon method for strictures of the small intestine.World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11: 1087-1089Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 26Ohmiya N. Taguchi A. Shirai K. et al.Endoscopic resection of Peutz-Jeghers polyps throughout the small intestine at double-balloon enteroscopy without laparotomy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 61: 140-147Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 27May A. Nachbar L. Ell C. Extraction of entrapped capsules from the small bowel by means of push-and-pull enteroscopy with the double-balloon technique.Endoscopy. 2005; 37: 591-593Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 28Matsumoto T. Esaki M. Moriyama T. et al.Comparison of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy with the double-balloon method in patients with obscure bleeding and polyposis.Endoscopy. 2005; 37: 827-832Crossref PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 29Pennazio M. Rossini F.P. Small bowel polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: management by combined push enteroscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy.Gastrointest Endosc. 2000; 51: 304-308Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 30Cellier C. Cuillerier E. Patey-Mariaud de Serre N. et al.Push enteroscopy in celiac sprue and refractory sprue.Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 50: 613-617Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar, 31Gersin K.S. Ponsky J.L. Fanelli R.D. 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