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• W2912777352 abstract "Abuse of designer drugs is widespread among young people, especially in the “rave and dance club scene.” They are consumed due to their stimulating, entactogenic, and partly hallucinogenic properties. In the 1990s, consumption of “classic” designer drugs like ecstasy was peaking, but they are still consumed nowadays. Metabolites have been suspected to contribute to some of the toxic effects and their knowledge is of importance for developing screening approaches. Thus, the main metabolic steps of these drugs have to be explored. The focus of this chapter is the hepatic metabolism of amphetamine-derived, piperazine-derived, pyrrolidinophenone-derived, beta-keto-type, and 2,5-dimethoxy phenethylamine-type designer drugs. Methylenedioxy amphetamine derivatives were mainly metabolized by demethylenation followed by O-methylation in position 3 or 4 and/or sulfation or glucuronidation. The other derivatives were mainly metabolized at the aromatic ring or substituents of them via demethylation or hydroxylation followed by conjugation to sulfates or glucuronides, or by alteration of the side chain depending on the structure. The phase I metabolic steps of most compounds were mainly or exclusively catalyzed by the polymorphically expressed cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 with the risk of pharmacogenomics variations of effects and/or pharmacokinetics." @default.
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• W2912777352 date "2019-01-01" @default.
• W2912777352 modified "2023-10-13" @default.
• W2912777352 title "Overview of Common Designer Drugs" @default.
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• W2912777352 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815607-0.00019-8" @default.
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