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• W2912971741 abstract "With respect to meat production in Italy, poultry meat production is among the main ones with a production of 1.25 million tonnes, 68% of which is broiler meat (Avec, 2015). Most of the broiler meat come from standard indoor system farms and they are located in the North-East regions (Unaitalia, 2014), often concentrated in specific areas, that frequently leads to criticism due to emissions, in particular ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) produced and the difficulty to obtain a proper disposal of poultry manure. This is because the broiler farms in these areas are a lot and all are characterized by the absence of field where the poultry manure could be spread. The broiler standard indoor system is characterized by a standard production chain, which starts with the companies that produce the feed and closes with the companies that slaughter and prepare the finished product. However, the poultry chain has never given much importance to the co-product that inevitably forms, that is, the poultry manure. The poultry manure is a co-product, it has an excellent amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus (Chamblee and Todd, 2002). This situation leads to problems of the emissions of broiler farm and the correct management of the poultry manure and the consequent environmental impacts. For these reasons, the research follows three research lines: i) use mix of microorganisms (LW) in the broiler breeder phase (PM = poultry manure treatment, DW = drinking water treatment and CL = control or no treatments); ii) three utilization scenarios of poultry manure (direct field spread = DFS, production of organic fertilizers = POF and combustion plant = CP). The last two scenarios produce organic fertilizer, also (IFA, 2012); iii) application of a field simulation model and compare cultures with high (Hi) and low (Li) input, in particular respect nitrogen (N). The third line of research has been developed because, although not strictly related to the use of poultry manure, it concerns nitrogen (N) and its application to a crop. Since the poultry manure has a lot of nitrogen (N), it has been considered interesting to evaluate this element, considering the problems connected to it also and especially bound by the Nitrates Directive (91/676/CEE and DM 5046 of 25 February 2016). The first line, was evaluated using the methodology Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The second with LCA and DeNitrification- DeComposition (DNDC) model approaches. Finally, the last with DNDC model. From the first line of research (i), it can be deduced that, except the greater environmental impact of feed that are 81% of CL, 79% of PM and DW, microorganism treatments have reduced emissions from broiler breeding farm and hence, environmental impacts. The environmental impacts of the two types of treatment (PM and DW) are compared to the CL both. The Terrestrial Acidification (TA) expressed as kg SO2 eq., in PM is less than 11.057% and in DW is 4.876%. In the Particular Matter Formation (PMF) expressed as kg PM10 eq., in PM is less than 9.076 and in DW is less than 2.727. In the Eutrophication Potential (EP) expressed as kg PO4 eq., in the PM is less than 5.212 and in DW is less than 0.101. On the other hand, there have not been significant results with a lower environmental impact as regards the Climate Change (CC) expressed as kg CO2 eq. Finally, with regard to housing emissions, especially with respect to NH3, Monte Carlo analysis showed a significant reduction in emissions between the different scenarios. In PM there were less emissions of 69% and 77% in DW, respectively compared to CL. Instead, from the second line of the research (ii), the environmental impacts of utilization scenarios of poultry manure (POF and CP) are both compared to the DFS. In Eutrophication (EP) expressed as kg PO4- eq., there is a lower environmental impact of 33% in the CP. Instead, it is higher of 16.2% in the POF, in agreement with other studies, also (Gonzalez-Garcia et al., 2014). Another important impact category to consider is the Acidification (AP) expressed as kg SO2 eq., that is higher in POF scenario of 2.5%, insteed it is less of 9.7% in CP. This becouse the N leach (nitrate), is 22.11, 20.17 and 16.43 kg N/ha/y in a time horizon of 100 years in production of POF, DFS and CP, respectivelly. The Photochemical Oxidation expressed as kg C2H4 eq., it is less of 5.2% in the POF and it is less of 28% in the CP. The Particular Matter Formation (PMF) expressed as PM10 eq., it is less of 18% in the CP. The Abiotic Depletion of Fossil Fuel (FD) expressed as MJ, it is less of 9.5% in the CP and insteed, it is higher of 5,4% in the POF. The Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) expressed as MJ, it is less of 8.1% in the POF and it is less of 4.9% in the CP. Regarding FD, and especially for the CED, values of higher environmental impact for POF, it is due to the high energy request. Finally, from the thrid line of the research (iii), despite of its positive applications, the use of active light crop canopy remote sensors for in-season site-specific nitrogen (N) management, has some drawbacks. The development of algorithms to estimate in-season N rates is based on data that relates canopy spectral data to potential yield and N uptake over multiple years and locations. Furthermore, canopy sensing-based N rate algorithms use in-season estimation of canopy N status to prescribe N rate need to reach yield potential, but is does not account for crop streses between sensing and harvest. The goal of this third study was to develop and test a methodology for combining normalized difference vegetation index data (NDVI) and simulating the assess spatial variability of corn N stress and in-season N rate. Using two season data (2008-2009) of five corn fields located in the Venice lagoon watershed, spatial model calibration and simulation were conducted using the CERES – Maize model in DSSAT in conjunction with the GeoSpatial Simulaton (GeoSim) tool in the Quantum GIS software. The model was first optimized to properly predict the yield, and subsequently to match the simulated and the NDVI-derived leaf area index (LAI). Model accuracy in yield estimation was reached by soil parameters optimization and was not negatively influenced by model optimization for LAI. In order to evaluate the advantages of coupling modelling and spectral data, N stress was simulated and optimum rates able to minimize it were evaluated. The incorporation of proximal sensed-derived data into the model guaranteed to increase the accuracy of Nitrogen stress simulation, due to the relationship between NDVI, LAI and N stress. Manage an inseason site-specific fertilization aiming to minimize N stress could N efficiency not guarantee to satisfy other criteria, such as the maximum achievable yield, the economic convenience or the environmental impact of the fertilization." @default.
• W2912971741 created "2019-02-21" @default.
• W2912971741 creator A5024286600 @default.
• W2912971741 date "2018-01-19" @default.
• W2912971741 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2912971741 title "Integrated and sustainable management of intensive broiler farming according to the environmental balance logic" @default.
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