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- W291299389 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION: THE FLYNN EFFECT FOLLOWS ATKINS INTO THE COURTROOM 616 II. INTELLIGENCE IN THE FACE OF DEATH: UNDERSTANDING THE FLYNN EFFECT'S PLACE IN ATKINS 620 A. It's All Relative: The Measurement of IQ 620 B. Throwing the Curve: Explanation and Implications of the Flynn Effect 623 C. Atkins at Work: Determinations of Mental Retardation or Intellectual Disability 626 III. DEATH ROW DILEMMA: INCONSISTENT TREATMENT OF THE FLYNN EFFECT IN ATKINS CASES 629 A. Validation of and Adjustment for the Flynn Effect 631 B. Consideration of the Flynn Effect but Not Required Adjustment 633 C. Indecision Regarding the Flynn Effect 638 D. Rejection of the Flynn Effect 640 IV. RESOLVING THE BATTLE OF THE EXPERTS: THE FLYNN EFFECT IS VALID AND SHOULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR IN ATKINS CASES 641 A. Uncontroverted Acknowledgement That the Flynn Effect Is Real 643 B. The Flynn Effect Applies to Individual IQ Scores 645 C. The Dark Side of Bright-Line IQ Cutoffs 646 1. Approximating IQ as Recommended by Leading Organizations 647 2 . The Blunder of Bright-Line Cutoffs 648 3. Legislative and Judicial Solutions 650 D. Validity Despite Variability 652 1. Research Consistently Measures the Flynn Effect Near 0.3 Points per Year ........ 653 2. Variability Across Ability Levels May Support Larger Adjustment 654 3. A Call for More Research but Life and Must Go On 657 E. Death Is Different: The Flynn Effect Reflects a Best Practice for Atkins 658 V. CONCLUSION: REQUIRING ADJUSTMENT FOR THE FLYNN EFFECT 661 VI. APPENDIX: STATUTORY DEFINITIONS OF MENTAL RETARDATION OR INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 664 I. INTRODUCTION: THE FLYNN EFFECT FOLLOWS ATKINS INTO THE COURTROOM In Atkins v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court declared a ban on all executions of mentally retarded persons.1 This declaration, however, rings hollow for those mentally retarded defendants and inmates who continue to face death sentences as a result of the inconsistent enforcement of Atkins across jurisdictions. One issue in particular - whether to adjust intelligence-test scores for the phenomenon known as the Flynn Effect - has caused inconsistency among courts and has sparked a contentious battle among experts. It blurs the already-precarious line between life and death.2 And yet, the Flynn Effect captivates capital defendants and inmates with its promise of adjusting intelligence-test scores and of providing a more intelligent and just approach to Atkins. The Flynn Effect (the Effect) refers to observed gains in intelligence- quotient (IQ) scores over time in the United States and other nations.3 Large-scale studies of the American population show that IQ scores are increasing at an average rate of 0.3 points per year.4 Simply put, people today receive higher IQ scores than people of the past. As discussed in Part II, the Flynn Effect's IQ gains reflect the obsolete norms of outdated IQ tests. Test publishers standardize IQ tests and determine the basis for calculating IQ scores at specific points in time. …" @default.
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- W291299389 date "2012-03-01" @default.
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- W291299389 title "A More Intelligent and Just Atkins: Adjusting for the Flynn Effect in Capital Determinations of Mental Retardation or Intellectual Disability" @default.
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