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• W2914911904 abstract "The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion composed principally of neuroendocrine cells, known as chromaffin cells, derived from the neural crest. Chromaffin cells secrete the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, together with regulatory peptides, granin proteins, and other constituents of neuroendocrine secretory granules, in response to stress. Glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex induce the expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, thereby maintaining high levels of catecholamine stores. To a lesser extent, released catecholamines reciprocally influence adrenal cortical steroidogenesis. Secretion is stimulated principally by preganglionic sympathetic nerve endings that originate in the splanchnic nerve and synapse on chromaffin cells. The process of stimulus–secretion coupling involves activation of and cross talk between multiple signaling pathways that also contribute to replenishment of secretory products, determine the composition of secretions, and, under some circumstances, stimulate chromaffin cell proliferation.Proliferative lesions, classified according to somewhat arbitrary criteria as adrenal medullary hyperplasia or pheochromocytoma, are the most common pathological findings in the adrenal medulla in toxicological studies. These lesions can occur spontaneously in the course of aging or can be induced by xenobiotic agents. Both spontaneous and induced medullary proliferative lesions tend to be much more frequent in rats than in mice and, in rats, most studies report a higher incidence in males than in females. The frequency of these lesions in rats is also affected by dietary modifications. Most of the agents that induce adrenal medullary proliferative lesions are nongenotoxic, suggesting that mechanisms involved in normal chromaffin cell function contribute to the pathogenesis of the lesions. Experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is available for a few agents." @default.
• W2914911904 created "2019-02-21" @default.
• W2914911904 creator A5009606299 @default.
• W2914911904 date "2018-01-01" @default.
• W2914911904 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W2914911904 title "Toxic Responses of the Adrenal Medulla" @default.
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