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• W2917802956 abstract "Editorial note: Welcome to the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (JID) Cells to Surgery Quiz— In this monthly online-only quiz, the first question (“What is your diagnosis?”) relates to the clinical image above, while additional questions concern the findings reported in a JID article by Kuonen et al (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.040). Detailed answers and a list of relevant references are available following the Quiz Questions below. 1.What is your diagnosis?a.Dermatitisb.Desmoplastic trichoepitheliomac.Morpheaform Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)d.Lichenoid benign keratosise.Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)2.Which of the following statements is false regarding the staging or treatment of cutaneous BCC?a.Perineural involvement in BCC is associated with basosquamous, infiltrating and morpheaform subtypes.b.Patients who have received organ transplants are more likely to have the morpheaform histologic subtype of BCC.c.Vismodegib, a first-in-class Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, is another option for treating advanced BCC.d.Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the most effective treatment for high-risk BCC.e.Risk features for BCC staging are based on size, anatomic location, depth, perineural invasion, and histological differentiation.3.Kuonen et al. investigated the role of TGFβ-induced fibronectin in promoting tumor cell motility through integrin α5β1 -mediated FAK phosphorylation in in-vivo models of infiltrative BCC. All of the following are consistent with their findings, except:a.TGFβ is associated with peritumoral fibronectin deposition and the transition from the nodular to infiltrative phenotype in human BCC.b.Integrin α5β1 mediates increased BCC adhesion and migration on fibronectin.c.FAK mediates fibronectin-induced migration in vitro model of BCC.d.Phospho-FAK inhibitor prevents fibronectin-induced migration in vitro.e.Fibronectin adhesion to integrin α5β1 induces FAK dephosphorylation. See following pages for detailed answers. 1.What is your diagnosis?CORRECT ANSWER: C. Morpheaform Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. Although both the likelihood and rate of metastasis are low, the associated morbidity and recurrence rates of BCC are high (Mackiewicz-Wysocka et al., 2013Mackiewicz-Wysocka M. Bowszyc-Dmochowska M. Strzelecka-Weklar D. Danczak-Pazdrowska A. Adamski Z. Basal cell carcinoma - diagnosis.Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2013; 17: 337-342Google Scholar). The main clinical subtypes of BCC include nodular, superficial, and morpheaform. (Rajabi-Estarabadi et al., 2017Rajabi-Estarabadi A. Williams N. Albreakan R. Algain M. Smith S.C. Dormishian A. et al.Cells to Surgery Quiz: December 2017.J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137: e207Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar) Morpheaform or morphoeic, BCC accounts for around 5-10% of all BCC cases (Marzuka and Book, 2015Marzuka A.G. Book S.E. Basal cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management.Yale J Biol Med. 2015; 88: 167-179PubMed Google Scholar). It typically presents as an indented, scariform skin-colored plaque, and is sometimes confused for scar tissue. The lesion can be identified as a morpheaform BCC due to its smooth and waxy, yellow-white appearance with ill-defined borders (Cunliffe, ed2011Cunliffe DT. Basal cell carcinoma: morphoeic (infiltrative). THE LEADING DERMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR GPS. 12-10-11 ed2011.Google Scholar). It also appears slightly depressed, and is located on the central face (specifically the cheek), which is a characteristic location for morpheaform BCC (Cunliffe, ed2011Cunliffe DT. Basal cell carcinoma: morphoeic (infiltrative). THE LEADING DERMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR GPS. 12-10-11 ed2011.Google Scholar, Mackiewicz-Wysocka et al., 2013Mackiewicz-Wysocka M. Bowszyc-Dmochowska M. Strzelecka-Weklar D. Danczak-Pazdrowska A. Adamski Z. Basal cell carcinoma - diagnosis.Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2013; 17: 337-342Google Scholar). Dermoscopic features of morpheaform BCC include irregular vascular patterns, such as arborizing vessels or telangiectasias, translucency, and blue-gray ovoid nests (Emiroglu et al., 2015Emiroglu N. Cengiz F.P. Kemeriz F. The relation between dermoscopy and histopathology of basal cell carcinoma.An Bras Dermatol. 2015; 90: 351-356Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar). Histopathologically, morpheaform BCC is characterized by “narrow strands and nests of basaloid cells with dense sclerotic stroma” (East et al., 2016East E. Fullen D.R. Arps D. Patel R.M. Palanisamy N. Carskadon S. et al.Morpheaform Basal Cell Carcinomas With Areas of Predominantly Single-Cell Pattern of Infiltration: Diagnostic Utility of p63 and Cytokeratin.Am J Dermatopathol. 2016; 38: 744-750Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar). (third choice)Discussion of incorrect answers:a.Contact Dermatitis (CD) is a common inflammatory cutaneous reaction cause by an irritant or allergen (Rashid and Shim, 2016Rashid R.S. Shim T.N. Contact dermatitis.BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2016; 353: i3299Google Scholar, Tan et al., 2014Tan C.-H. Rasool S. Johnston G.A. Contact dermatitis: Allergic and irritant.Clinics in Dermatology. 2014; 32: 116-124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar). Classic clinical features of contact dermatitis in the acute phase include pruritus, erythema, dryness, and scaling, along with the development of vesicles and bullae, while chronic disease can present with lichenification and fissuring (Tan et al., 2014Tan C.-H. Rasool S. Johnston G.A. Contact dermatitis: Allergic and irritant.Clinics in Dermatology. 2014; 32: 116-124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar). Histological findings often reveal cellular necrosis and recruitment of a polymorphic inflammatory infiltrate. Clinical identification is usually straightforward as it often relies on patient history and exposure to offending agents. Lesions are usually clearly demarcated and localized to the area of contact, most commonly in the hands and face where exposure to irritants are likely (Tan et al., 2014Tan C.-H. Rasool S. Johnston G.A. Contact dermatitis: Allergic and irritant.Clinics in Dermatology. 2014; 32: 116-124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar). The morphologic characteristics of the patches pictured above make the diagnosis of dermatitis unlikely.b.Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma (DT) is a rare benign adnexal tumor characterized by asymptomatic, solitary, annular, indurated, and centrally depressed papules or plaques with raised borders (Wang et al., 2015Wang Q. Ghimire D. Wang J. Luo S. Li Z. Wang H. et al.Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma: A clinicopathological study of three cases and a review of the literature.Oncology letters. 2015; 10: 2468-2476Crossref Scopus (14) Google Scholar). It most commonly occurs in the young to middle aged adult population on the face with a female predominance ((Kunz et al., 2018Kunz M. Kerl K. Braun R.P. Basal Cell Carcinoma Mimicking Desmoplastic Trichoepithelioma: A Case with Correlation of Dermoscopy and Histology.Case reports in dermatology. 2018; 10: 133-137Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar). On dermoscopy, DT presents with well-defined borders and an ivory-white color background, as well as prominent arborizing telangiectasias (Khelifa et al., 2013Khelifa E. Masouye I. Kaya G. Le Gal F.A. Dermoscopy of desmoplastic trichoepithelioma reveals other criteria to distinguish it from basal cell carcinoma.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2013; 226: 101-104Crossref Scopus (25) Google Scholar). There is a lack of lack of blue-gray ovoid nests and leaf-like structures, which helps to differentiate it from basal cell carcinoma (Kunz et al., 2018Kunz M. Kerl K. Braun R.P. Basal Cell Carcinoma Mimicking Desmoplastic Trichoepithelioma: A Case with Correlation of Dermoscopy and Histology.Case reports in dermatology. 2018; 10: 133-137Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar). Histological features of DT include basaloid cells arranged in small cords and infundibulocystic structures that contain keratin with surrounding fibrotic collagen (Kunz et al., 2018Kunz M. Kerl K. Braun R.P. Basal Cell Carcinoma Mimicking Desmoplastic Trichoepithelioma: A Case with Correlation of Dermoscopy and Histology.Case reports in dermatology. 2018; 10: 133-137Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar). The pictured lesion is inconsistent with the aforementioned features of DT in that it is flat with a lack of raised borders and there is no central depression. The age of the patient is also inconsistent with DT’s young age of onset, making a diagnosis of DT unlikely.d.Benign lichenoid keratosis (BLK) is an evolving, solitary papule or plaque that develops from an immunologic response to a variety of precursor lesions in elderly patients. These lesions are typically found on the trunk or extremities, and can vary in color from pink to purple to red-brown (Prieto et al., 1993Prieto V.G. Casal M. McNutt N.S. Lichen planus-like keratosis. A clinical and histological reexamination.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 259-263Crossref Scopus (41) Google Scholar). The dermoscopic features of BLK reflect the level of regression, usually consisting of various amounts of blue and white structures with localized or diffuse granular patterns (Bugatti and Filosa, 2007Bugatti L. Filosa G. Dermoscopy of lichen planus-like keratosis: a model of inflammatory regression.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007; 21: 1392-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar). The classic histologic appearance of BLK consists of hyperkeratosis and epidermal acanthosis with a lymphocyte-predominant inflammatory infiltrate, as well as “flanking epidermal foci of lentigo”(Morgan et al., 2005Morgan M.B. Stevens G.L. Switlyk S. Benign lichenoid keratosis: a clinical and pathologic reappraisal of 1040 cases.The American Journal of dermatopathology. 2005; 27: 387-392Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar). Although regressing superficial BCCs can be misdiagnosed as BLK, classic morpheaform BCCs (such as the photographed lesion) do not share many of the same features as BLK (Kulberg and Weyers, 2016Kulberg A. Weyers W. Regressing basal-cell carcinoma masquerading as benign lichenoid keratosis.Dermatol Pract Concept. 2016; 6: 13-18Google Scholar, Maor et al., 2017Maor D. Ondhia C. Yu L.L. Chan J.J. Lichenoid keratosis is frequently misdiagnosed as basal cell carcinoma.Clinical and experimental dermatology. 2017; 42: 663-666Crossref Scopus (14) Google Scholar).e.Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas represent a group of malignancies of skin-residing T-cells, with mycosis fungoides (MF) making up almost 50% of all cases. MF typically occurs in older adults, with a predilection for the buttocks and other sun-protected areas (Willemze et al., 2005Willemze R. Jaffe E.S. Burg G. Cerroni L. Berti E. Swerdlow S.H. et al.WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas.Blood. 2005; 105: 3768-3785Crossref PubMed Scopus (3223) Google Scholar). MF can have a variety of clinical presentations, from erythematous patches to plaques, and eventually tumors. Characteristic features of MF include a “cigarette paper” wrinkly scale and a round to oval appearance, with later tumor stages demonstrating less scale and a shiny induration (Pulitzer, 2017Pulitzer M. Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma.Clin Lab Med. 2017; 37: 527-546Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar). Although epidermotropism is pathognomonic for MF, the most common histologic pattern of MF consists of “band-like” or patchy lichenoid infiltrates mixed with coarse bundles of collagen in the superficial dermis (Massone et al., 2005Massone C. Kodama K. Kerl H. Cerroni L. Histopathologic features of early (patch) lesions of mycosis fungoides: a morphologic study on 745 biopsy specimens from 427 patients.Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29: 550-560Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). Other morphologic features include Pautrier microabsesses and atypical lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei in a “string of pearls” arrangement (Ahn et al., 2014Ahn C.S. A AL Sangueza O.P. Mycosis fungoides: an updated review of clinicopathologic variants.Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36 (quiz 49-51): 933-948Crossref Scopus (47) Google Scholar). Dermoscopy has also proven useful for the diagnosis of MF, especially in early-stage lesions, which tend to demonstrate short linear vessels, yellow-orange patchy areas, and characteristic vascular structures resembling spermatozoa (Lallas et al., 2013Lallas A. Apalla Z. Lefaki I. Tzellos T. Karatolias A. Sotiriou E. et al.Dermoscopy of early stage mycosis fungoides.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013; 27: 617-621Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar).2.Which of the following statements is false regarding the staging or treatment of cutaneous BCC?CORRECT ANSWER: b. Patients who had received organ transplants are more likely to have the morpheaform histologic subtype of BCCThe organ transplant recipients (OTRs) who develop BCC most commonly present with the superficial subtype of BCC (Kanitakis et al., 2003Kanitakis J. Alhaj-Ibrahim L. Euvrard S. Claudy A. Basal cell carcinomas developing in solid organ transplant recipients: Clinicopathologic study of 176 cases.Archives of Dermatology. 2003; 139: 1133-1137Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). This is in contradistinction to the general population, where the nodular subtype is the most prevalent (Mackiewicz-Wysocka et al., 2013Mackiewicz-Wysocka M. Bowszyc-Dmochowska M. Strzelecka-Weklar D. Danczak-Pazdrowska A. Adamski Z. Basal cell carcinoma - diagnosis.Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2013; 17: 337-342Google Scholar) and the superficial subtype is the second most common (Marzuka and Book, 2015Marzuka A.G. Book S.E. Basal cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management.Yale J Biol Med. 2015; 88: 167-179PubMed Google Scholar). Morpheaform is a relatively rare variant of BCC, accounting for an estimated 5 to 10 percent of cases of BCC and does not have an association with OTRs (Scrivener et al., 2002Scrivener Y. Grosshans E. Cribier B. Variations of basal cell carcinomas according to gender, age, location and histopathological subtype.Br J Dermatol. 2002; 147: 41-47Crossref PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar). Basal cell carcinoma has a higher incidence in the general population than squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients have an increased risk for BCC, the risk for squamous cell carcinoma increases substantially more than that of BCC. This reverses the typical BCC/SCC ratio in the general population in favor of SCC predominance in the OTR (Kanitakis et al., 2003Kanitakis J. Alhaj-Ibrahim L. Euvrard S. Claudy A. Basal cell carcinomas developing in solid organ transplant recipients: Clinicopathologic study of 176 cases.Archives of Dermatology. 2003; 139: 1133-1137Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar).Discussion of incorrect answers:a.Perineural involvement (PNI) in BCC describes the spread of tumor growth around a neve. PNI in BCC is relatively rare, with an incidence of <1%, although true rates may be higher When present, PNI is associated with larger and more aggressive tumors. (Brown et al., 2018Brown S. Watson I. Parekh P. Characteristics of basal cell carcinomas with perineural invasion.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2018; 79: AB68Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Google Scholar). Perineural invasion has recently been identified as a third route of basal cell carcinoma metastasis, along with lymphatic and hematologic spread. BCC with PNI is most commonly found on the nose, forehead, cheek and maxilla. The most common histologic subtypes in patients with basal cell carcinoma with PNI are infiltrating, morpheic, and basosquamous subtypes (Leibovitch et al., 2005Leibovitch I. Huilgol S.C. Selva D. Richards S. Paver R. Basal cell carcinoma treated with Mohs surgery in Australia II. Outcome at 5-year follow-up.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2005; 53: 452-457Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar).c.Although surgical excision remains the current gold standard of treatment for any BCC, patients with metastatic or locally aggressive BCC may benefit from Vismodegib. The Hedgehog pathway has been implicated in the development of BCC. Vismodegib, an oral small molecule, acts by inhibiting Smoothened, an important activator of the Hedgehog pathway (Mittal and Colegio, 2017Mittal A. Colegio O.R. Skin Cancers in Organ Transplant Recipients.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2017; 17: 2509-2530Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar). The hedgehog ligand first binds to its receptor, Patched 1, which allows for release of Smoothened (SMO) proto-oncoprotein (Nikanjam et al., 2018Nikanjam M. Cohen P.R. Kato S. Sicklick J.K. Kurzrock R. Advanced Basal Cell Cancer: Concise Review of Molecular Characteristics and Novel Targeted and Immune Therapeutics.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 2018; Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (24) Google Scholar). Vismodegib was approved by the FDA in 2012 as the first in its class for patients with advanced or metastatic BCC.d.MMS is currently indicated for the treatment of high-risk BCCs such as those that are larger than 2cm, are recurrent, are in high risk areas, or appear locally aggressive on histology (Rajabi-Estarabadi et al., 2018Rajabi-Estarabadi A. Zheng C. Iglesia S. Galimberti F. Li Y. Nouri K. Cells to Surgery Quiz: August 2018.The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2018; 138: e53Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (2) Google Scholar) (Leibovitch et al., 2005Leibovitch I. Huilgol S.C. Selva D. Richards S. Paver R. Basal cell carcinoma treated with Mohs surgery in Australia II. Outcome at 5-year follow-up.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2005; 53: 452-457Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar). MMS has the highest cure rate for BCC and is an excellent choice for tumors in areas requiring tissue preservation such as the face (Marzuka and Book, 2015Marzuka A.G. Book S.E. Basal cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management.Yale J Biol Med. 2015; 88: 167-179PubMed Google Scholar). Additionally, the long term recurrence for BCC in one study of patients receiving MMS is 3.4% for primary BCC and 4.9% for recurrent BCC, similar to other reported rates in the literature (Veronese et al., 2012Veronese F. Farinelli P. Zavattaro E. Zuccoli R. Bonvini D. Leigheb G. et al.Basal cell carcinoma of the head region: therapeutical results of 350 lesions treated with Mohs micrographic surgery.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 2012; 26: 838-843Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar). Despite difficulty in determining the recurrence rate for BCC due to lack of reporting, one study demonstrated a 3.5% recurrence rate after surgical excision and 2.1% after MMS (Chren et al., 2013Chren M.M. Linos E. Torres J.S. Stuart S.E. Parvataneni R. Boscardin W.J. Tumor recurrence 5 years after treatment of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.J Invest Dermatol. 2013; 133: 1188-1196Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar).e.Although a formal staging system for risk stratification specific to patients with BCC is not available due to the exceedingly low incidence of regional and distant metastasis, the most clinically relevant risk stratification utilized in the management of patients with BCC is the differentiation between localized tumors at low risk versus high risk for recurrence. The most clinically relevant stratification of BCC is provided by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines (Bichakjian et al., 2017Bichakjian C.K. Olencki T. Aasi S.Z. Alam M. Andersen J.S. Blitzblau R. et al.Basal Cell Skin Cancer, Version 1.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.NCCNorg. 2017; Google Scholar), which takes both clinical and pathologic factors into account. Risk features include age, sex, anatomic location, recurrent lesion, lesion size, immunosuppression, history (radiation, burn, organ transplant), histologic subtype, invasion beyond the reticular dermis, and perineural involvement (Kim et al., 2018Kim J.Y.S. Kozlow J.H. Mittal B. Moyer J. Olencki T. Rodgers P. Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2018; 78: 540-559Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (180) Google Scholar).3.Kuonen et al. investigated the role of TGFβ-induced fibronectin in promoting tumor cell motility through integrin α5β1 -mediated FAK phosphorylation in in-vivo models of infiltrative BCC. All of the following are consistent with their findings, except:CORRECT ANSWER: e. Fibronectin adhesion to integrin α5β1 induces FAK dephosphorylationIntegrin binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) typically activates FAK through autophosphorylation at tyrosine 397 (Y397), providing a binding site for downstream activating molecules implicated in proliferation, survival, and motility (Tilghman and Parsons, 2008Tilghman R.W. Parsons J.T. Focal adhesion kinase as a regulator of cell tension in the progression of cancer.Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2008; 18: 45-52Crossref Scopus (121) Google Scholar). Kuonen, et al. suspected that this mechanism could also be at play in BCC, and checked the phosphorylation status of FAK at Y397 in BCC cell lines, on adhesion to fibronectin. They observed high levels of phospho-FAK at the cell membrane of BCC growing on fibronectin but not on those growing on poly-L-lysine. Consistently, the integrin α5β1 inhibitors K34C (pharmacologic inhibitor) and P1D6 (blocking antibody) reduced cell adhesion and migration of BCC cells on FN and efficiently prevented FAK phosphorylation, bringing proof that this event is mediated by α5β1 integrin. They also observed preferential phospo-FAK in infiltrative-like areas of BCC tumors in mice injected with TGFβ.Discussion of incorrect answers:a.Kuonen, et al., by using two different BCC allografts, showed higher levels of fibronectin and higher density of S100A4 fibroblasts at the periphery of infiltrative compared with nodular BCC. Human samples were tested by quantitative real-time PCR for various secreted cytokines reported to promote fibronectin deposition. Among the various cytokines tested, TGFβ was found to be significantly higher in infiltrative compared with nodular BCC, both at the mRNA and protein levels. These results suggest that TGFβ may be a key regulator of fibronectin induction and tumor infiltration in BCC.b.Using an adhesion assay, Kuonen, et al. found that both the human UW_BCC_T2 and murine ASZ_001 BCC cell lines are able to adhere very efficiently to fibronectin when compared with control (uncoated) or collagen I. They showed that long-term cultures on fibronectin revealed phenotypic modifications such as reduced cell-to-cell contacts and longer cytoplasmic extensions, indicating greater cell motility. For both UW_BCC_T2 and ASZ_001 cell lines, fibronectin coating promoted cell migration. Integrin α5β1 is a main fibronectin receptor, binding to its arginine-glycine-aspartic acid domain. They observed a significant expression of integrin α5β1 at the mRNA level and more importantly at the protein level in both UW_BCC_T2 and ASZ_001 cell lines. This showed that fibronectin promotes efficiently the migration of BCC cells through a mechanism implicating integrin α5β1 binding.c.Kuonen and et al. also silenced FAK expression in tumor cells through lentiviral-mediated expression of FAK-targeting short hairpin RNA to test the functional role of FAK in fibronectin-induced migration. A significant reduction in the FAK level was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels in both UW_BCC_T2 and ASZ_001 cell lines and FAK silencing efficiently prevented fibronectin-induced migration in vitro (Third choice)d.The previous findings suggested that phospho-FAK targeting may prevent BCC infiltration in human. They evaluated the effect of PF-562271, an enzymatic phospho-FAK inhibitor in vitro and observed that it could efficiently prevent fibronectin-induced migration of BCC cells. Similar to FAK silencing, PF-562271 also significantly reduced tumor cell growth on fibronectin in vitro." @default.
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