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- W2918366543 abstract "Ice, the solid state of water, which mainly consists of a hexagonal crystal structure in bulk, is usually very brittle. Although ice appears less brittle under compression or shear at a relatively low strain rate, it is by no means a ductile material as metal and is seldom considered as an engineering material in applications other than igloos. We report herein the astonishing ductility and high compressive yielding strength of a polymeric hydrogel in a frozen state. Containing 88 wt. % of water, the hydrogel appears like ice when frozen, and embraces most other physical properties of ice. Meanwhile, the frozen hydrogel not only shows a high compressive modulus (∼1 GPa at -25 °C) and yielding strength (∼20 MPa at -25 °C), but is also ductile enough to sustain extremely large deformation such as bending, twisting, stretching, extensive shaping, and even machining in a large low temperature range. The ductility at a high strain rate also makes it a material with a significant impact resistivity. Moreover, the frozen gel also exhibits the repeatable ductility - the large plastic deformation is completely recoverable at an elevated temperature. These results will be important towards developing low-cost and environment-friendly engineering materials used in a low temperature range when ductility and reusability is required." @default.
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- W2918366543 date "2019-04-01" @default.
- W2918366543 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2918366543 title "Ductile “Ice”: Frozen hydrogels with high ductility and compressive yielding strength" @default.
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- W2918366543 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2019.02.008" @default.
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