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• W2918685721 abstract "Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of neurological conditions that share the common hallmark of progressive neuronal loss in circumscribed areas of the central nervous system. Both in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neurodegeneration mainly affects motor systems (i.e., the extra-pyramidal system in PD and the pyramidal system in ALS). In addition, both diseases are associated with a range of non-motor symptoms. Cognitive impairments, particularly in the domain of executive functions, are common in PD and in ALS. Executive functions are a set of higher-level mental control processes that control lower-level processes, which ensures that an individual can successfully pursue goals of action in daily life. Executive dysfunctions have implications for the disease prognosis and for the quality of life in patients and their caregivers. In order to optimally support patients and caregivers, the patient’s executive functions need to be adequately assessed and characterized. However, the disease-inherent motor symptoms can hamper neuropsychological testing and the interpretation of the results. The event-related potential (ERP) technique has been proposed as a tool to overcome these difficulties because ERPs can be non-invasively recorded from the scalp surface with minimal motor requirements for the examinee. In the present work, the ERP technique was used to assess neural correlates of executive functions in patients with PD and in patients with ALS. A particular focus was given to neural correlates of conflict processing, conflict adaptation, and performance monitoring—three aspects of executive functioning that facilitate successful behavior under demanding conditions. A comprehensive review (Study 1) summarized the existing literature of ERP correlates of cognitive functions and identified the circumstances under which ERP correlates of conflict processing, conflict adaptation, and performance monitoring are altered in PD. Amplitudes of the error(‑related) negativity (Ne/ERN), an ERP correlate of performance monitoring, were found to be consistently attenuated in PD. Ne/ERN amplitudes have been proposed to depend on dopamine levels. This presumed dopamine-dependence of the Ne/ERN has often been used to explain why Ne/ERN amplitudes are diminished in PD, although direct evidence for this hypothesis was lacking. In Study 2, the hypothesized dependence of Ne/ERN amplitudes on dopamine levels in PD was tested. To this end, the well-established flanker task was used to assess ERP correlates of performance monitoring in PD patients on and off dopaminergic medication. The results suggested that dopaminergic medication contributes to the attenuation of Ne/ERN amplitudes in PD, potentially by causing excessive dopamine levels in areas that are not primarily affected by PD, but are involved in the generation of the Ne/ERN. ERP correlates of conflict processing, conflict adaptation, and performance monitoring were also examined in ALS patients (Studies 3 and 4). ERP correlates of conflict processing and conflict adaptation did not differ between ALS patients and a sample of healthy control participants. However, ALS patients showed enhanced posterior ERP deflections, potentially indicative of a compensatory increase in the allocation of attentional resources to visual stimulus processing. Similar to PD, attenuated Ne/ERN amplitudes were found in ALS, but only in those ALS patients with comparably poor performance on standardized tests of executive functioning. Taken together, these data revealed different ERP signatures of executive functions in PD and ALS. These findings may enhance the understanding of executive dysfunctions and their neural underpinnings in these diseases. The here described work illustrates the potential usefulness of the ERP technique in the assessment of executive dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases affecting motor systems." @default.
• W2918685721 created "2019-03-11" @default.
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• W2918685721 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W2918685721 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2918685721 title "Neural correlates of executive functions in neurodegenerative diseases" @default.
• W2918685721 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
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