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• W2919120235 abstract "Making Spaces, Building Socialism, Transforming People Karl D. Qualls Heather DeHaan, Stalinist City Planning: Professionals, Performance, and Power. 255 pp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016. ISBN-13 978-1487521660. $32.95. Christine Varga-Harris, Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years. 289 pp. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. ISBN-13 978-0801453076. $49.95. When Stephen Kotkin’s Magnetic Mountain appeared in 1995, it signaled a shift in the study of Soviet history.1 In one lengthy volume, Kotkin blended the best of the totalitarian and so-called “revisionist” schools of history, showed the importance of studying urban space, and brought our attention to the importance of studying the provinces. Urban case studies are not new; but few scholars before 1991 devoted their careers to understanding Soviet history outside of capital cities.2 With the collapse of the Soviet Union, scholars began to research individual cities to test previous assumptions.3 The two [End Page 198] works under review here also analyze particular locales that illuminate Soviet experiences more generally. Both authors deftly interweave ideology and high politics with the actions of individuals on the ground. Moreover, they show a population that is highly engaged with Soviet practices and propaganda. Unlike Kotkin’s “speaking Bolshevik” or “little tactics of survival,” Heather DeHaan and Christine Varga-Harris show that participation was more than a symbolic act or a strategy for survival. Not only did local officials and the general population engage voluntarily in the rhetoric of building socialism and communism, but they also desired to be part of bringing the ideal to reality. DeHaan’s study of urban planners in Nizhnii Novgorod (Gor´kii) explains the shift from experts broadly trained before the revolution, who wanted to use science to improve living conditions, to architects hastily trained in the early Soviet period, who were more willing to follow political whims. Varga-Harris interrogates Khrushchev’s mass housing policy and the transition in Leningrad from communal to separate apartments. She finds Khrushchev’s revival of revolutionary promises to improve daily life included citizens holding the state accountable. DeHaan and Varga-Harris preference neither ideology nor politics nor the social history approach of the so-called “revisionist” school. Like Kotkin, they see the party-state setting the discourse field. However, DeHaan cautions that “imposed discourses merely mediate the perception of the world; they cannot fix meaning, which is always fluid and relational” (12). Varga-Harris found that although people petitioning for better housing “appeared to be speaking Bolshevik, the discourses they generated showed them insisting that authority figures at various levels enter into dialogue with them” (208). In both cases, people became the translators of the discourses of power and engaged the state to define notions of self and the limits of state power. Both authors emphasize that the command system was the chief impediment to making reality meet expectations. Local officials did not have resources to meet increasing demands. The press continued to tout successes of urban planning and mass housing, while citizens and some specialists advocated for a modern, progressive, socialist/communist city living space in the near future. ________ DeHaan’s monograph is the story of redesigning Gor´kii and the ways in which two generations of planners understood their role, their professional [End Page 199] status, and their place in relation to the population and levers of power during the late 1920s and 1930s, a period of “political, aesthetic, and ideological disputes.” The “city became a stage for the enactment and defense of their authority as Soviet professionals. … Soviet city planners concerned themselves as much with the cityscape as with their place, as Soviet professionals, within it” (4). DeHaan is thus building on Douglas Weiner’s examination of specialists protecting their roles as scientific experts.4 Influenced by the work of Henri Lefebvre and scholars who have examined the ways that spaces have been appropriated for political uses, DeHaan has crafted a superb book about planning priorities as a way to analyze the decade-long sublimation of expertise to political hierarchies.5 Her chief concern is a close analysis of the institutional infighting and policy planning that would have moved the city..." @default.
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• W2919120235 date "2019-01-01" @default.
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• W2919120235 title "Making Spaces, Building Socialism, Transforming People" @default.
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• W2919120235 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/kri.2019.0013" @default.
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