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- W2921553771 abstract "Microbial associates, symbionts, and the microbial community – the microbiome – are important modulators of host phenotype, providing heritable variation upon which natural selection acts. Symbiont, host, microbiome, and microbes in the environment interact with each other as part of a complex ecosystem. Microbe–microbe interactions between symbionts and the remainder microbiome, but also between host-associated microbes and microbes in the environment, are increasingly recognized as important driving forces in ecosystems. Therefore, a more holistic approach, especially in symbiont research, is needed in order to understand how these interactions shape the phenotype of a host. Symbiosis between microbial associates and a host is a ubiquitous feature of life on earth, modulating host phenotypes. In addition to endosymbionts, organisms harbour a collection of host-associated microbes, the microbiome that can impact important host traits. In this opinion article we argue that the mutual influences of the microbiome and endosymbionts, as well as their combined influence on the host, are still understudied. Focusing on the endosymbiont Wolbachia, we present growing evidence indicating that host phenotypic effects are exerted in interaction with the remainder microbiome and the host. We thus advocate that only through an integrated approach that considers multiple interacting partners and environmental influences will we be able to gain a better understanding of host–microbe associations. Symbiosis between microbial associates and a host is a ubiquitous feature of life on earth, modulating host phenotypes. In addition to endosymbionts, organisms harbour a collection of host-associated microbes, the microbiome that can impact important host traits. In this opinion article we argue that the mutual influences of the microbiome and endosymbionts, as well as their combined influence on the host, are still understudied. Focusing on the endosymbiont Wolbachia, we present growing evidence indicating that host phenotypic effects are exerted in interaction with the remainder microbiome and the host. We thus advocate that only through an integrated approach that considers multiple interacting partners and environmental influences will we be able to gain a better understanding of host–microbe associations. the complex network of living organisms, their physical environment, and their interactions in a particular unit of space. In our context a host, its associated microbiome, and all potential interactions among living organisms and with environmental conditions. microbial associates living within the body or cells of another organism (host). the sum of the genetic information of the host and its microbiome. transmission of microbes between host individuals, species, or by acquiring free-living microbes from the environment. an organism in which an endosymbiont or microbiome lives. interactions between any microbial species or microbial communities (either a symbiont or part of the remainder microbial community) and a host. microbial species that are strongly interconnected by several links within a network and play an important role in community functioning and/or stability. Abiotic factors and host genotype can directly act on hub species, thus spreading the effects to the whole microbial community. a set of interacting communities that are regulated by processes such as dispersal, extinction, and recolonization. microscopic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. a community of microbes that inhabit a particular environment. clonal reproduction, in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. changes in a phenotype caused by an external influencing factor, here symbionts. the microbiome excluding the symbiont under investigation. Note that we consider symbionts here as a separate microbial entity, due to historical reasons, and to highlight the differences between both, but in fact they are a part of the microbiome and, as such, should be studied together. here, a microbial associate of any type in a close and long-term biological interaction (mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism) with biological organisms, of the same or of different species. characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment. the capability for disease transmission by a vector to a host, as influenced by behavioural, ecological, and environmental factors, such as population density, host preference, feeding habits or frequency, duration of latent period, or longevity. maternal transmission of microbes to offspring." @default.
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- W2921553771 date "2019-06-01" @default.
- W2921553771 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
- W2921553771 title "Host, Symbionts, and the Microbiome: The Missing Tripartite Interaction" @default.
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- W2921553771 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.02.002" @default.
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