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• W2922290147 abstract "In a correspondence focusing on our hypothesis of “problem individuals” being responsible for most human fatalities within large-bodied shark populations (Clua & Linnell, 2018), Neff (2018) raises some concerns about how our hypothesis may be perceived by the public and managers. We are very pleased that our article has generated interest about the mechanisms of shark attacks and the appropriate management responses as the main purpose of our article was to try and demonstrate that the current practices of unselective culling have no mechanistic basis or empirical support. Based on the patterns that we describe for explaining how some few individuals may acquire a disproportionate disposition to more frequently attack humans, we concede the possibility of confusion with the “rogue shark hypothesis.” However, while our “problem individual” and a “rogue” shark could indeed both tend to repeat an initial strike on a human being, as a potential prey, in our perspective, the latter would develop a malicious and targeted preference for human prey as embodied by films such as “Jaws.” We actually intend to avoid any anthropomorphism and to focus on such an extrapolation would detract from the central conservation argument being made in our article. It would also imply a high degree of individual aggression, whereas the current ethology literature on which we base our hypothesis underlines individual differences along a shyness-boldness gradient. Neff (2018) points out there are other mechanisms that could lie behind shark bites. We fully agree that there can be many nonpredatory reasons leading sharks to bite people. Our hypothesis, which focuses on individual variation in behavior, also provides a framework to motivate research that can better clarify the likelihood of different mechanisms being responsible for different types of attack. However, bites without any apparent motivation to feed on people are rarely fatal and the purpose of our article was to focus on those perpetrated by large species, contributing to most of the fatalities. Regarding the white shark, Neff's reference to the understanding of the “bite-and-spit” behavior by Tricas and McCosker (1984) is inappropriate. This behavior, cited in Clua and Linnell (2018), is not directly linked to their “mistaken identity” hypothesis as a rejection of a food “distasteful to white sharks.” They suggest it is a “retreat behaviour… adaptive since it eliminates the chance of injury after the initial attack is made.” By focusing on the numerous mechanisms that can lie behind nonfatal bites on humans, or raising an anthropomorphic interpretation of an animal behavior in response to our hypothesis, Neff unfortunately overlooks most of our attempt to come up with alternative explanatory mechanisms behind fatal shark attacks and develop testable hypotheses and appropriate alternative management actions. Nowadays, current policies are very reactionary and fly in the face of both public opinion and scientific evidence. On the French island of La Reunion (Indian Ocean), any human fatality is currently followed by a 72-h intensive unselective fishing in the area of the incident, as recently happened on the January 30th 2019 (AP, 2019), in addition to the routine unselective fishing of sharks around the island, all year long. Such an approach, with technical differences that do not modify the general philosophy of action, is also implemented in the Australian territory of Queensland (West-Pacific Ocean). Like Neff (2018), we would also like to see a dramatic reduction in the pointless killing of sharks. We hope that our article, complementary to Pepin-Neff and Wynter (2018), will serve the common objective of many scientists to promote a global shift toward nonlethal mitigation and/or more selective removal of potential problem individuals, which will both support shark conservation and improve public safety." @default.
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• W2922290147 date "2019-03-01" @default.
• W2922290147 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2922290147 title "Problem individuals among sharks: A response to Neff" @default.
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• W2922290147 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12641" @default.
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