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• W2923165641 abstract "The occurrence of pharmaceuticals as pollutant in the environment has beenwidely reported across the world. It has been a growing concern due to it negativeimpacts of these pharmaceuticals on the ecosystem and living organism. Duringconventional water treatment processes, untreated pharmaceuticals are often exposed tochemical oxidation reaction during disinfection process. Among various disinfectionmethods, chlorination is one of the most commonly used methods. The reactive speciesin the chlorination process is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) which is known to react withorganic pollutants.The main objectives of this study were to determine the second-order rateconstants (kapp) for the reaction between selected pharmaceuticals with free availablechlorine (FAC) and identification of the transformation by-products generated from thechlorination of selected pharmaceuticals. According to the identified transformation byproducts,the mechanism of the transformation pathway of selected pharmaceuticals inchlorination was elaborated. The efficiency of chlorination in the removal of selectedpharmaceuticals in different matrices was also evaluated. The selected pharmaceuticalsfor this study were acebutolol and sotalol (β-blockers), mefenamic acid (nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs), sulfacetamide and sulfanilamide (antibiotics). Thesepharmaceuticals have been frequently detected in the aquatic environment.In the kinetics study, kapp for the reaction between selected pharmaceuticals andFAC were determined at 25 ± 0.1 °C. The result indicated that the degradation ofselected pharmaceuticals by free FAC was highly pH dependence at the selected pHrange. At pH 6 to 8, it was found that kapp of Abt, Stl, Mfe, Sfa and Sfn was ranged from0.03 to 0.19 M-1s-1, 0.93 to 0.65 M-1s-1, 16.4 to 4.35 M-1s-1, 4.50 to 4.50 M-1s-1 and 2.20 to 0.97 M-1s-1, respectively. The elimination of the selected pharmaceuticals in differentwater matrices (lake water, ground water and secondary effluent) showed that theefficiency of chlorination in the pharmaceuticals removal was retarded by high TOCand COD concentrations. Chlorination showed the highest efficiency in the removal ofselected pharmaceuticals containing in ground water which has the lowest TOC andCOD concentrations. However, in secondary effluent that containing higherconcentrations of COD and TOC, the percentage removal of selected pharmaceuticalswas relatively poor as compared with other water matrices.Characterization of the transformation by-products formed during thechlorination of selected pharmaceuticals was carried out using liquid chromatographycoupled to quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass-spectrometry. Thetransformation by-products were determined after 24 h of FAC exposure. The resultindicated that chlorination of pharmaceuticals could produce various transformation byproducts.Overall, 18 transformation by-products were identified for the selectedpharmaceuticals. These transformation by-products were mainly formed through thehydroxylation, chlorination, oxidation and dealkylation reactions.In conclusion, this research showed that pharmaceuticals could react with HOClduring disinfection process. The reactivity of the selected pharmaceuticals towards thereaction with HOCl is highly pH dependent at the common pH range of natural water.Chlorination might remove some of the pharmaceuticals however its efficiency wasdepending on the characteristic of water matrices. Chlorination of pharmaceuticals wasalso found to form various transformation by-products." @default.
• W2923165641 created "2019-04-01" @default.
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• W2923165641 date "2016-10-01" @default.
• W2923165641 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2923165641 title "Kinetics and mechanisms of degradation of selected environmental pharmaceuticals by aqueous chlorination / Wan Nor Adira Wan Khalit" @default.
• W2923165641 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
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