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• W292438653 abstract "Informed by a constructivist perspective, this study illuminates the significance of and compliance with norms in international relations. The role and importance of norms in international relations is highlighted through presentation of three interpretive examples: glasnost and human rights in the former Soviet Union, norms governing development and the postWorld War II trading system. Key Words: International Norms, International Law and Morality, International Trade, Ethics, International Regimes 1. Introduction The significance of the role played by norms and principles of conduct, especially moral norms, governing most interactions in international relations is understood through examining behavioral influences rooted in a centuries-long philosophical tradition. Kant, for example, held the view that cooperation amongst autonomous individuals and states for mutual benefit is natural, especially in circumstances when the too narrow pursuit of individual interests could damage the interests of all. Similarly, in the Grotian tradition, norms shape international interaction because norms represent expectations held by national leaders about proper behavior of states in international relations. Over the course of two centuries, agreed norms of behavior that have been institutionalized through international organizations become habitual over time. These enduring norms gain legitimacy and establish permissible limits of normal behavior or codes of conduct. This study starts from the premise that the rise and sustenance of international regimes, norms, international rules and principles of conduct relate to the national interests and national security of states, and the desire of self-interested utility which maximizes a state's achievement of an optimal outcome in international affairs. However, states' interests and states preferences do not take shape in a vacuum, rather these are shaped by institutionalized practices, roles and international identities of national actors. For example, it is often argued that in anarchic international environment composed of states with competing national interests, states seek power, security, and wealth. But Finnemore has correctly pointed out, what kind of power? Power for what ends? What kind of security? What does security mean? How does a state obtains it or insures it? What kind of wealth, and wealth for whom and to what ends?2 The organization and social mileau of national foreign policy makers imbue them with a set of values and norms that define identities, interests and socialize them to accept new political goal and values with lasting impact on their perception and interpretation of the national interests. From this vintage point norms help shape both the national interests and expectations of appropriate international conduct shared by the international The above general proposition is informed by a `constructivist perspective'. According to this approach, national decision makers pursue interests, process information, and make decisions in the context of the social, cultural and organizational milieu to which they belong and which help shape their sense of identification with some proper code of conduct. To illustrate consider, the case of whether Europe can lapse back to the traditional balance of power rivalry that characterized pre-1939 European state system. According to the traditional realist perspective, in the absence of the collective security system embedded in NATO and strong American military presence in Europe, European states will revert back to the old behavior pattern of balance of power politics. In contrast, a constructivist perspective will hold that such a pattern need not return because the European states of the twenty first century are not the European states of the 1949 when NATO was founded in order to balance the Soviet Union. There has been a profound change in the identity of European states as member of a pluralist security community. …" @default.
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• W292438653 date "2002-07-01" @default.
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• W292438653 title "International Norms, Trade, and Human Rights: A Perspective on Norm Conformity" @default.
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