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- W2924952955 abstract "Online intermediaries, particularly social platforms, have an enormous impact on internet users' freedom of expression. They determine rules for most of content generated and information exchanged today, and routinely interfere with users' speech, while enjoying practically unchecked power to block, filter, censor, manipulate, and surveil. Accordingly, our current system of free expression lacks one of main requirements of just system - notion that no form of power is immune from question of legitimacy. Scholarly responses to this situation tend to assign decreased weight to constitutional norms as means to impose duties on online intermediaries and promote internet users' speech, while focusing, instead, on other means, such as non-legal norms, legislative and administrative regulation, and technological design. This Article will swim against this current, arguing that promoting environment cannot be sustained without an effective constitutional check on online intermediaries' exercise of power. Unfortunately, existing First Amendment doctrine poses high barriers for structural reform in existing power relations between online intermediaries and their end users: (1) action doctrine prevents users from raising speech-related claims against online intermediaries; and (2) an expansive interpretation of what constitutes speech serves as Lochnerian vehicle for intermediaries to claim immunity from government regulation. This Article will discuss these doctrinal barriers, as well as possible modifications to existing doctrine, which could create an environment more supportive of users' speech. However, more importantly, main contribution of this Article to existing scholarship centers on argument that deeper reassessment of traditional doctrinal assumptions is required in order for First Amendment to fulfill its speech-protecting role in digital age. The underlying premise of traditional thinking about speech-related constitutional conflicts conceptualizes such conflicts as necessarily bipolar, speaker-government, equations. Accordingly, courts and scholars ordinarily focus on asking whether the state is present on one side of equation or whether a speaker exists on other. This way of thinking about speech-related conflicts suffers from grave limitations when trying to cope with realities of networks comprised of multiple speakers and multiple censors/regulators (with potential overlaps between these categories). The bipolar conception of First Amendment is simply incompatible with type of conflicts that pluralist networks generate. Consequently, if First Amendment is to have significant speech-protective meaning in digital ecosystem, more sophisticated analysis than reigning bipolar conception of First Amendment is necessary. This Article will propose such an alternative analysis, which shall be denominated pluralist conception of First Amendment." @default.
- W2924952955 created "2019-04-01" @default.
- W2924952955 creator A5082111805 @default.
- W2924952955 date "2019-03-18" @default.
- W2924952955 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2924952955 title "Missing in 'State Action': Toward a Pluralist Conception of the First Amendment" @default.
- W2924952955 hasPublicationYear "2019" @default.
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