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• W292813514 abstract "TO INVOKE PROMETHEUS, figure of Greek myth who was punished by Zeus for stealing fire from Hephaestus and giving it to humans, has become a popular warning against scientific hubris in our new age of biotechnology and genetic engineering. But second half of Promethean myth offers a further warning: Prometheus's defiant act led Zeus to dispatch a woman, Pandora, to unleash her box of evils on human race -- and thus eliminate power differential that access to fire briefly had given mankind. Pandora's box of dark arts is an apt metaphor for human reproductive technologies. Despite being hailed as important scientific advances and having succeeded in allowing many infertile couples to have children, next generation of these technologies offers us a power that could prove harmful to our understanding of what motherhood is. This new generation of reproductive technologies allows us to control not merely timing and quantity of children we bear, but their quality as well. Techniques of human genetic engineering tempt us to alter our genes not merely for therapy, but for enhancement. In this, these technologies pose moral challenges that are fundamentally different from any we have faced before. Contemporary human reproductive technologies range from now widely accepted practice of in-vitro fertilization (IVF), where physicians unite egg and sperm outside woman's body and then implant fertilized egg into womb, to sophisticated sex selection techniques and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of disease and disability in embryos. Today, for-profit clinics, such as Conceptual Options in California, offer a cafeteria-like approach to human reproduction with services such as IVF, sex selection screening, and even social surrogacy arrangements where women who prefer not to endure physical challenges of pregnancy rent other women's wombs. New techniques such as cytoplasmic cell transfer threaten to upend our conceptions of genetic parenthood; procedure, which involves introduction of cytoplasm from a donor egg into another woman's egg to encourage fertilization, could result in a child born of three genetic parents -- father, mother, and cytoplasm donor -- since trace amounts of genetic material reside in donor cytoplasm. Doctors in China recently performed first successful ovary and fallopian tube transplant, from one sister to another, which will allow transplant recipient to conceive children -- but from eggs that are genetically her sister's, not her own. The near future will bring uterus transplants and artificial wombs. Scientists at Cornell University are perfecting former, while researchers at Juntendou University in Tokyo, who have already had success keeping goat fetuses alive in artificial wombs for short spans of predict creation of a fully functional artificial womb for human beings in just six years. Cloning technologies eventually could fulfill even most utopian of feminist yearnings: procreation without men via parthenogenesis, something that excited passions of Simone de Beauvoir in 1953. Perhaps in time, she mused in The Second Sex, the cooperation of male will become unnecessary in procreation -- answer, it would seem, to many a woman's prayer. De Beauvoir was correct to identify women's hopes as a powerful force in modern challenges to old-fashioned procreation, but these hopes also pose serious ethical challenges. Contemporary feminism's valorization of choice in reproductive matters and its exaltation of individualism -- powerful arguments for access to contraceptives and first-generation reproductive techniques -- offer few ethical moorings as we confront these fundamentally new technologies. In fact, extreme individualism of feminist position is encouraging women to take these technologies to their logical, if morally dubious conclusion: a consumer-driven form of eugenics. …" @default.
• W292813514 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W292813514 date "2002-12-01" @default.
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• W292813514 title "Overcoming Motherhood: Pushing the Limits of Reproductive Choice" @default.
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