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• W292964049 abstract "AbstractThis paper examined gender differences in performance on intelligence test based on Thurston Model (Space, Inference, opposite, Number, Word fluency,). The data was collected from 8267 boys and 3853 girls of class/ grade VI students (age group 11-12 year) on the basis of stratified random sampling. The test was developed and standardized by the researcher himself It is inferred that male students achieved high scores than female in the test. Overall the performance of male (urban) was best than all other and the performance of female rural was the least with respect to others.Keywords: Cognitive Abilities, Speech Production, Episodic Memory, Mathematical Ability, Gender DifferenceIntroductionIt is generally agreed that every individual has specific abilities. These abilities include power to think, speak, hear and understand and it is essential to guide individuals in the right direction at right time in a right way (Hashmi, 2000). Althogh there are negligible gender differences in general intelligence (Aluja-Fabregat, Colom, Abad & Juan-Espinosa, 2000) but it has been reported in a number of specific cognitive domains. It was traditionally believed that females had better verbal ability and males had greater spatial and mathematical ability (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974, Hashmi & Nawaz 2007). However, recent meta-analysis has found much more specific gender differences (Hashmi & Nawaz 2007). According to Hyde and McKinley's (1997) summary of meta-analysis, there is no gender difference in verbal ability, except for better female performance on measures of speech production. In the domain of mathematics, there is no gender difference in computation or understanding of mathematical concepts, but males do better in problem solving in high schools. In the domain of spatial ability, males perform better on tests of three dimensional mental rotations, but other tests show small or no differences (Hashmi & Nawaz 2007). There also appears to be a gender difference, in episodic memory (Herlitz, Airaksinen & Nordstrom, 1999; Herlitz, Nilsson & Backman, 1997) with females performing better in most tasks, although this area has not been the subject of meta-analysis.Various biological and socio cultural explanation have been offered for these gender differences. Biological explanation include sex steroid hormone differences (McKeever, 1995), differences in the size of cortical regions associated with language (Harasty, Double, Halliday, Kril & McRitchie, 1997), differences in the relative volume of grey and white matter in the brain (Gur et al; 1999) and differences in the hemispheric lateralization of language (Levy & Reid, 1978). Socio-cultural explanation includes differential life experience, unintended effects of researchers' behavior towards male and female subjects, and social expectations about performance on certain types of task (Richardson, 1997). A relevant findings from meta analysis is that gender differences in cognitive ability may have narrowed over time (Hyde & McKinley, 1997), which has interpreted as a difficulty for a purely biological explanation (Richardson, 1997).MethodSample was selected through stratified random sampling procedure. For this purpose, first of all the data was collected about schools and enrollment of the students from district education officers. The data of school and students were arranged district wise. The researchers selected 10% schools and 5% students from elementary, secondary and higher secondary schools of Multan, Bahawalpur, DG Khan and Sargodha division. The district wise distribution of schools and students was as follows:Table 1 indicated the district wise distribution of schools. 90 schools were selected from Bahawalpur, 49 schools were selected from D G Khan, 122 Schools were selected from Multan, and 74 were selected from Sargodha making a total of 335 schools.Above table indicated the district wise distribution of respondents. …" @default.
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• W292964049 date "2012-07-01" @default.
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• W292964049 title "A Comparative Analysis of Basic Cognitive Abilities among Students with Respect to Gender" @default.
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