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- W2935766410 endingPage "6526" @default.
- W2935766410 startingPage "6519" @default.
- W2935766410 abstract "Despite the development of massively parallel computing hardware including inexpensive graphics processing units (GPUs), it has remained infeasible to simulate the folding of atomistic proteins at room temperature using conventional molecular dynamics (MD) beyond the microsecond scale. Here, we report the folding of atomistic, implicitly solvated protein systems with folding times τ ranging from ∼10 μs to ∼100 ms using the weighted ensemble (WE) strategy in combination with GPU computing. Starting from an initial structure or set of structures, WE organizes an ensemble of GPU-accelerated MD trajectory segments via intermittent pruning and replication events to generate statistically unbiased estimates of rate constants for rare events such as folding; no biasing forces are used. Although the variance among atomistic WE folding runs is significant, multiple independent runs are used to reduce and quantify statistical uncertainty. Folding times are estimated directly from WE probability flux and from history-augmented Markov analysis of the WE data. Three systems were examined: NTL9 at low solvent viscosity (yielding τf = 0.8–9 μs), NTL9 at water-like viscosity (τf = 0.2–2 ms), and Protein G at low viscosity (τf = 3–200 ms). In all cases, the folding time, uncertainty, and ensemble properties could be estimated from WE simulation; for Protein G, this characterization required significantly less overall computing than would be required to observe a single folding event with conventional MD simulations. Our results suggest that the use and calibration of force fields and solvent models for precise estimation of kinetic quantities is becoming feasible." @default.
- W2935766410 created "2019-04-25" @default.
- W2935766410 creator A5003813944 @default.
- W2935766410 creator A5042792273 @default.
- W2935766410 creator A5044681385 @default.
- W2935766410 creator A5054621660 @default.
- W2935766410 creator A5073863761 @default.
- W2935766410 creator A5080037114 @default.
- W2935766410 date "2019-03-20" @default.
- W2935766410 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2935766410 title "Computational Estimation of Microsecond to Second Atomistic Folding Times" @default.
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